英语新闻标题修辞赏析与翻译 Rhetorical Appreciation and Translation of English News Headlines开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

When it comes to the translation of English news headlines, one can never ignore the first person who brought the translation theory of English news into China. The earliest Chinese article available to the author of this paper is News Translation in the Perspective of Communication Theory (1969) by Hong Kong scholar Yu Yelu in his discussion of news translation studies. New and interesting in the field of study, the article outlines news translation as a social function, news translators as gatekeepers of news communicating, and the selection and translation of news as a process combining highly subjective judgments with objective reflections.Discussions about news translation can also be found in chapters of books on translation studies. Liu Bingzhang (1983) points out that news English are characterized by its wide range of topics and genres and frequent occurrence of new words. His discussion centers on translating words in news in three ways, namely, a) different interpretations of the same word in different contexts; b) appropriate allocations of the translated words; and c) translating those English words that do not have Chinese equivalents as part of phrases instead of as individual words.These articles are inspiring sparks for following researchers and enable them to carry out their studies in a more systematic way. As time goes on, people make further study on translating different parts of news, such as the study on news headlines. Many scholars, experts, linguists have carried out their research on news headlines. Some study the characteristics of the news headlines; some have been trying to find a better way to translate the headlines; others show their interest in the analysis of rhetoric appeared in news headlines. Too many researches and too many articles are related to this kind of study. Some of them are listed as followed.In terms of rhetoric used in English news headlines, different people have different ideas. Hu Guixu and Liu Hongquan (2006) summarizes in his article The rhetorical features of news headlines in the perspective of the Washington Post that phonetic rhetoric, oxymoron, metonymy, climax, satirize, parody, figures of speech, personification, ellipse are the main rhetoric which appear in news headlines. He also concludes that rhetoric makes news headline more interesting and vivid. The more interesting the headline is, the more readers it may have. He gives many examples to approve his opinions, which makes his article easy to understand. Some articles on rhetoric and features of news headlines in Mainland China were published sporadically in Journal of Hangzhou University. Bai Xijia (1996) On the Characteristics and translation of news headlines describes his views from his working experience in Zhejiang Television. His discussion centers on translation and characteristics ofnews headlines in three parts, namely, a) the features and requirements of news translation; b) headlinesthe window of news; c) the translation of novel and fresh words used in the press. In his articles, he presents four kinds of rhetoric, abbreviation, short-form words for proper words, infinitive for what will happen, and flexible use of punctuation. He emphasizes that the translation should be of great fluency, rationality, and logicality.In spite of introducing rhetoric and features of news headlines, many scholars, experts and academics make more efforts in studying how to translate news headlines suitably. When it comes to translation, the distinguished linguist Eugene A. Nida (1969) pointed out in his masterpiece the Theory and Practice of Translation: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. This is only a general principle of translation, but there are still detailed methods with respect to the translating headlines of news.In Principles of Translation (1990), Chen Dingan states that the key points in translating news headlines are a) translators should be accurate in translating special terms of all professions; b) the style of news headlines translation should not be too colloquial or too formal; c) translators should have a correct understanding of the news content before translating the headline of a news story; d) translating the meaning of words or sentences prioritizes translating their forms; and e) translators should remain objective in doing translating. In A Practical Course of Telegraphic Translating (1999), Zeng Qingfeng analyzes the stylistic features of English telegraphic news and theirs relations with translation and bilingual conversion. He then explains translation skills employed at the lexical, grammatical and rhetorical levels of news English. In A Course of News Translation (2004), Liu Qizhong , the founder of China Daily(Hong Kong edition), illustrates news translation practices both in Mainland China and Hong Kong with his expertise in both journalism and translation. He is one of the few high profile scholars who delves into the study of news translation and offers case studies to show students how to do transediting of news on a practical basis. The latest book pertaining to the present study is Translation for the media (2004) written by Dr. Zheng Baoxuan from City University of Hong Kong. Her studies of news translation in both newspaper and TV provide a general view to researchers in this field. Her work offers a relatively systematic study of transediting English news into Chinese news, which is of some value to the author of this paper. In Cultural Differences and Translation of English News Headlines (201o), Hu Qun shares three principles of translating English news headlines, namely, a) literal translation; b) meaning translation; c) balance translation (including adding words and cutting words).These principles may help readers get a fully understanding of the in-depth meaning of English news headlines. He states that translating news headlines requires translators to gain a collection of knowledge covering the history of English countries, their cultures and age background. Not only that, translators must know deeply our countrys history and get some certain knowledge of Chinese linguistic features and rhetoric, which can be extracted and put into use and can express the same wonderful and witted things in Chinese translation as that in the original ones. The differences between English and Chinese should be taken into consideration when translators do their translation of English news headlines. A great number of books and articles on the study of news can be found in foreign languages, especially in English; however, research findings of the translation of news headlines, as one might expect, are not so many. This, generally speaking, is due to the marginalized status of news translation in both media and translation studies as mentioned before. Therefore foreign scholars in this field and their research findings are important because they provide the Westerners view on the translation of news headlines and may shed light on the study of this paper. In the article of Comparison between Chinese and English Headlines and the Translation from English Headlines to Chinese Headlines, by consulting different books and journals, Min PENG analyses the differences between Chinese and English headlines through the aspects of words, grammar, rhetoric and structure, then concludes methods to translate the English headlines to Chinese headlines.In Method of Embodying the Meaning of Headlines Using News Articles, Misako Imono, Eriko Yoshimura, Seiji Tsuchiya, and Hirokazu Watabe point out that in recent years, various studies have investigated intelligent robots that can smoothly communicate with humans. They think that communication between humans is often achieved through conversation, so it is likely that robots will need to be able to perform human-like conversation. There are various types of human conversation. Intelligent robots will be expected to perform conversations a lot as human. In order to realize such conversation in robots, resources for making new topics is required. They herein focus on the news website headlines because headlines are a more appropriate format for initiating conversation than the text of articles. However, they think that there is a problem in that specific information, lacking from headlines. Therefore, they present a method of embodying the meaning of headlines using news articles.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

Introduction:If a dog bites a man, it is not news; if a man bites a dog, it's (big) news. From the old saying, we can find that news is a fresh report of events, facts, or opinions which people do not know before they read the story; news is the reporting of anything timely which is important, useful, or interesting to a considerable number of persons. The best news is what may arouse the greatest interest of the great number of people. In general, news belongs to informative and functional text, which emphasizes transmit of information and the effect of transmit. Headlines act as the eye of the news, which may advertise the story, summarize the story and beautify the newspaper page. As a result, a good news headline usually has a novel and eye-catching name, which is adorned by different kinds of rhetoric.Rhetoric originated from the ancient Greek Times. It is a science aimed at studying the art of using language. According to language environment and the content of communication, rhetoric is used to select appropriate linguistic means and modes of expression, which equipped languages with the beauty of rhyme, form, content, and artistic conception. In recent years, the research and study of rhetoric, especially the American New Rhetoric, has received considerable development. In China, the current rhetoric research and study focuses mainly on three aspects. They are listed as followed. Firstly, summarize the existing figure of speech. Secondly, carry out monographic studies on one kind of rhetoric. Thirdly, compare and study the difference between Chinese and English rhetoric, as well as their translation.English news headlines, consisting of short and simple words, are used to describe the news content. It is generally placed at the top of the main body in a way of using eye-catching words and punctuations. The most important function of news headlines is to reveal the main content of the news with the concise and clear language to the readers, which helps the readers grasp the main idea of this piece of news and judge its value. In most cases, a news headline determines whether this piece of news would be read or passed by the readers. News is made for various and numerous changing events and thus has timeliness. Among all kinds of reports in newspaper, how to attract readers attention is the main target of the news editors. Editors not only have to use attractive headlines to draw the readers attention, but also manage to set the headlines into the limited space. In order to achieve these, the news headlines must be brief, accurate and eye-catching. Because of these requirements, English news headlines have formed the unique rhetorical characteristics. When reading pieces of news, we not only have to be able to understand the basic meaning of words used in news headlines, but also should develop the ability to appreciate their rhetoric and translate them. Only then can we have access to a better and accurate understanding of what the headlines express. When it comes to how to translate news headlines, two requirements should be followed, the general requirement and the lexical requirement. One is the general requirement. News is the representation of the latest events happening all over the world. Each event does not exist separately. That is to say, they are related with the society and the nature. With all kinds of enormous news materials, there emerge countless newly-made words. In addition, more and more common words with special meaning are used in the English news headlines. Therefore, three main aspects should be taken into consideration when translate English news headlines into Chinese. Firstly, understand accurately the meaning of each words used in the headlines and appreciate the beauty and rhetoric of them; secondly, translators should take the characteristics of Chinese into consideration, which may make the translation readable and understandable; thirdly, the readers ability to accept the translation of the English news headlines should never be neglected. Another requirement is that neither too commonplace nor too elegant words should appear in the translation. The linguistic style of the English news is the main part of the General English, namely Standard English. On the one hand, over the recent decades, the linguistic style used in reports on English newspaper tends to be closer to the Conversational English, but it is quite different from the Colloquial English. On the other hand, the English used in the English news is obviously not the Formal English, especially not the frozen style. The style used by Modern Chinese News can become the standard of translating English news headlines. This paper will be divided into three main parts. In the first place, I will analyze some common rhetoric of English news headlines in detail. Then, I will present some basic translation theory, which is related to the translation of English news headlines. Last but never the least, I will give my opinion on how to make the translation of English news headlines better from the perspective of rhetorical appreciation.Methodology：The following research methods are used in this paper:1. Observation and comparison are the main research methods. Observation does not just mean seeing. In real life the acts of perceiving, interpreting, assessing, and reacting, for example, can often seem to be simultaneously used to collect information. So for, some observation can mean all of these things together.2. Sample analysis, or case study in other words, is used to analyze rhetoric used in news headlines in detail. Examples make the analysis simple and easy to understand. I will try my best to provide abundant examples to support my arguments and make my thesis more reliable.3. Some works, articles, journals and books on this subject have been read before my starting this paper, which can be found in the library and on the Internet. In this way, I intend to introduce and appreciate what kinds of rhetoric have been used in news headlines; then give brief introduction to translating methods used to translate news headlines. With my hard work and my tutors kind and valuable help, Im deeply convinced that I can finish this paper with desire results.