男性凝视下的爱丽丝——浅析伊迪斯·华顿的短篇小说《另两个》 Male Gaze on Alice—An Analysis of Edith Wharton’s “The Other Two”开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义

《另两个》是美国女性作家伊迪斯华顿的短篇小说。

伊迪斯华顿以描写美国上层社会的生活著称。

她有很多非常标志性的作品，并且有很多人加以研究和探索。

2. 文献综述

In recent years, many literary researchers at home and abroad have carried on detailed researches to study the story's symbolic meaning, the narrative technique and so on. Meanwhile, they have also discussed whether the theme of the work is defined as feminist awakening or not. Based on a lot of documentation of literature and reading, researching and summarizing of predecessors research results, former scholars views of the short story The Other Two can be referred from the following points.Firstly, Feminist criticism suggests that the relationship between Alice and Waythorn in "The Other Two" originally followed the social model, the prevailing social and political acceptance of women at the time, particularly with respect to marital duties and obligations, although both of the characters had a deeper understanding of the opposing gender beyond the traditional framework finally.In short, women were forced to believe mens lies. Feminists theorized that for the most part sexual identity was not a result of biological factors, but of social hegemony (a psychological infusion of male-founded state and cultural concepts) designed to deprive women of power. Why men would wish to control in this way has been explained mainly in terms of their desire for sexual dominance, though the biological source of desire for dominance seems at least partly to contradict the concept of social construction. (Killoran, 2001:12). Helen Killoran, an Associate Professor of English at Ohio University-Lancaster and a past president of the Edith Wharton Society, understood the story from Feminism way.Secondly, some schools hold the opinion that Whartons article focuses on "Her exploration of human insights", thereby providing a useful complement to Wharton's research on marriage, divorce, and the social structure responsible for both.Her careful ordering of detail enabled Mrs. Wharton to attain in many of her shorter works a psychological complexity in characterization which would ordinarily be found only in the novel. In her short stories, she usually illuminates, rather than resolves, the refractory situations that she subjects to her scrutiny. The characters and events often suggest intonations of the universal and ranges of significance beyond the literal. (McDowell, 1976:85). McDowell served as chairperson of the Womens Studies Program and as associate professor of Rhetoric at the University of Iowa was inclined to analysis it from marriage.And there are many other different schools have many other different opinions, these two are the ones popular in the academic world. In fact, the commentary community has never been specific and in-depth about Alice's image and Wharton's real intention. Thereafter, the paper will focus on Alice, whose image keeps Changing in this story and reveals the causes of her changeability from the perspective of male gaze so as to reveal Whartons real intention of writing this storyAlthough Alice does not change her appearance, she has undergone a series of changes in Waythorn's eyes. At first, he admires her girlish qualities which make him feel young and make him believe that in her divorce proceedings, she has always been on the wronged side, she has good reasons to leave her marriage. At the beginning of the story, Waythron sees Alice through the eyes of an active lover while in the end, he sees her through a man's eye. She is the product of his social world, the product he needs for herself only being a resource: Alice should function as a commodity who ultimately goes to bid the highest.

3. 设计方案和技术路线

《另两个》是美国女性作家伊迪斯华顿的短篇小说。

伊迪斯华顿以描写美国上层社会的生活著称。

她有很多非常标志性的作品，并且有很多人加以研究和探索。

4. 工作计划

目前正在研读蓝云春的《无声的抗拒女性主义视角下《另两个》中爱丽丝形象解读》，李卓蓝云春的《另两个中爱丽丝被误读的无奈》，关于男性凝视理论的作品，高婷婷的《简爱中的男性凝视与反凝视》，刘明明的《从被看到反抗：凝视理论中他者的流变》，以及关于作者的作品，程心的《21世纪以来西方伊迪斯华顿研究述评》和《时尚之物:论伊迪斯华顿的美国国家风俗》。

5. 难点与创新点

突破现有研究中大多以女性主义和婚姻为角度的研究禁锢，尝试着男性凝视的理论对这一短篇小说进行研究。