海明威笔下的男性开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

Male characters in Ernest Hemingway `s works海明威笔下的男性I. Introduction1.1 Introduction to the HemingwayErnest Miller Hemingway (July, 21, 1899 July, 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist whose works strongly influence 20th century fiction, especially his economical and understated style. His life of adventure and self imagine was clearly shown in his works which is closely related to himself. Furthermore, the character `s perception of life was influenced by his life experience of war.Early in 1918, he responded to a Red Cross` recruitment and became an ambulance driver in Italian front. Then he was seriously wounded and returned home. This experience was reflected in his novel A Farewell to Arms. In 1921, He moved to Paris working as a correspondent and fell under influence of modernist and artist of the lost generation. In 1928 he led a peaceful life in Florida and Cuba where he had hunting, fishing and watch bullfight. He went on safari to east Africa which provide materials for his writing. The Short Happy Life of Franois Macomber was published two years after this trip. In 1937, he reported on the Spanish civil war where he finished his play The Fifth Column and presented on the battlefield. During the world war II, he presented at the battlefield as a war correspondent to obtain accurate picture of conditions. He involved in war activities presenting at Normandy landings and liberation of Paris fighting as a soldier. In 1947, he was awarded a Bronze Star for his valor.After the war he moved to Cuba and had his most famous works The Old Man and the Sea, on which he comment the best I can write ever for all my life. The book helped him won the Pulitzer prize. Two years later he received the Nobel Prize in literature in 1954. He went to safari on Africa where was greatly wounded in plane crushes which left pain and illness for his remaining life. 1.2 Introduction to the short stories discussed in this thesisThe KillersTwo men, Max and Al, walk into Henry's lunchroom, which is run by George. Al goes into the kitchen and ties up Nick Adams and Sam the black cookMax reveals to Gorge that the two men are there to kill Ole Anderson, a Swedish boxer, for a "friend.". Anderson never shows, so the two men leave. George sends Nick to Hirsch's boarding house, run by Mrs. Bell, to warn Anderson about the two men. Nick finds Anderson lying in his bed with all of his clothes on. He tells Anderson what has happened. Anderson does not react, except to tell Nick not to do anything, as there is nothing that can be done. Nick Adam had appeared in a series of Hemingway`s short stories. The experience with two killers marked Nick going intoadulthood and his introduction into violence and evil.The Undefeated Manuel Garcia, the main character, is a veteran bullfighter who recently get out of hospital and looking for a new job. He has to beg Retana, a promoter who finally agree to pay him 300 pesetas. Manuel then waits and asks his oldfriend Zurito, a picador, to help him. The game doesn`t go well, It takes Manuel 5 times to stab the bull. Finally he kills the bull but is rushed to doctors. Zurito cut off his coleta while Manuel lying on the operating table. The story share some similaritieswith The Old Man and Sea that the protagonist is fighting against nature despite his age and some people say he is incapable of doing it. The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber. Francis Macomber is on an African safari. He and his beautiful wife, Margot are wealthy Americans. This is their first time on safari. Macomber escaped when face with first lion and win the contempt of Margot. Although she has despise him for a long time. She express this contempt as she sneaks into safari guide Wilson`s camp in the middle night. Next day, Macomber gain a measure of courage as kills a water buffalo. However, Margot finds if he continues prove himself of courage, strong will. He might get rid out of her.Margot takes aim at the water buffalo, shooting Francis in the back of the head, and he dies at the most courageous moment of his "short happy life."A Day`s WaitThe story focus on a nine years old boy Schatz and his father. When the boy get flu, a doctor leaves three kinds of medicine and tells the father buoys temperature is 102 degrees Fahrenheit which means he is fine. So the father enjoys hunting with a Irish setter. Upon returning home, the boy refuses anyone in his room and asked how long will it take until he is dying. The father is shocked and explain the difference between degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit. The boy is relaxed and the next day begin to complain things that is of no importance. What should be pointed is that there are misunderstanding between father and son. The father talks about disease and the son talks about death that is theme of this story and of all Hemingway `s works. Everything seemed important before death is no important anymore.The four short stories all reveal Hemingways male characters (In The Short Happy Life ofFrancis Macomber, there is irony about the male character) the way they confront darkness, destruction and death.II. Literature review2.1 Regarding his male charactersYang Daliang said, In Hemingway`s works, there exist common features among those heroes or protagonists in the way they behave in front of death, adversity or failure in that they share identical personalities and attitudes towards life. These characters were described as male character. The trademarks of male characters are the world crushed every person into pieces, yet a lot of people rise from the pieces to demonstrate their staying power. The world is likely to kill and break those who most brave, benign and excellent, yet it is the hero that rises from failure. I adopt four works The Undefeated, The killers , The Short Happy Life of Franois Macomber and A Day`s Wait. Hemingway's protagonists are usually 'Hemingway Code Heroes,' i.e., figures who try to follow a hyper-masculine moral code and make sense of the world through those beliefs. Hemingway himself defined the Code Hero as 'a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.' This code typically involves several traits for the Code Hero: (1) Measuring himself against the difficulties life throws in his way, realizing that we will all lose ultimately because we are mortals, but playing the game honestly and passionately in spite of that knowledge. (2) Facing death with dignity, enduring physical and emotional pain in silence (3) Never showing emotions (4) Maintaining free-will and individualism, never weakly allowing commitment to a single woman or social convention to prevent adventure, travel, and acts of bravery (5) Being completely honest, keeping one's word or promise (6) Being courageous and brave, daring to travel and have（'beautiful adventures,' as Hemingway would phrase it (7) Admitting the truth of Nada (Spanish, 'nothing'), i.e., that no external source outside of oneself can provide meaning or purpose（http://zuoye.baidu.com/question/b416f60a81953561028468564e61e572.html 2015//02/01

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

As I have referred, protagonist closely related to himself. The character`s perception of life is deeply affected by his experience of war and violence, such as two world wars and Spanish Civil War which provide material for his works. Biological interpretation is an important methodology to analyze his male character.Moreover, Hemingway has worked as a journalist before a writer. The strongest part of story is hidden beneath the surface which is called Iceberg Theory. So close reading is other important methodology employed in the paper.