支持社区建设社会资本外文翻译资料

Support Community and building Social Capital

Jenny Preece, Guest Editor 2002 ACM 0002-0782/02/0400

The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon last September shocked us all. Many reached for the telephone to contact loved ones and watched TV or listened to the radio for news in the days directly following the attacks. Others, however, sought support and exchanged information via online communities. In fact, some 30 million Americans—about one-third of all U.S. Internet users—turned to email, mailing lists, instant messaging, chat rooms, and threaded discussion systems . They wrote detailed eyewitness descriptions and tender words of comfort. They engaged in soul-searching debate about why these events occurred, what response was appropriate, and what should be done to avert future atrocities.

The empathy and shared reflection that brought people together in physical communities and via technology across barriers of time, distance, and often culture, was revitalizing in the horror of these events. Communication and a spirit of collaboration can help strengthen any community online and offline. Furthermore, it can touch every aspect of business, education, health care, entertainment, and family life in good times as well as bad.

The glue that holds communities and other social networks together is called “social capital.” A key ingredient for developing social capital is trust. Social capital is the social equivalent of financial capital. Like financial capital, social capital is a resource that helps sustain community. Robert Putnam, author of the acclaimed book Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community , asserts that social capitalencourages collaboration and cooperation between members of groups for their mutual benefit. Consequently, life in communities with a rich supply of social capital is easier than in communities with low social capital.

How might the Internet, and particularly online communities, contribute to enriching social capital throughout the world in the aftermath of September 11th? How might we, as technology professionals, contribute to this goal? As Amy Bruckman points out in her article in this section: “Culture and technology coevolve [and] computer professionals catalyze this process.” The challenge we face is to make sure that technology serves human needs. Our goal is therefore to examine how widely available communications technologies can be more effectively used to support communities and foster social capital development.

Computing infrastructure already supports thousands of online communities that unite people across barriers. Some bring people together only online, other communities also meet physically. How might the Internet better support all these communities andencourage others in a way that increases social capital locally, nationally, and internationally? How can we ensure that everyone can participate in such communities, regardless of their income, education, race, culture, or gender? To do this, we need to develop low-cost hardware, software, and a computing infrastructure that is universally usable .

Early U.S. Internet users came from a narrow segment of the population. More recent surveys show the number of U.S. women online has increased to equal the number of men. There is, however, still a gap between rich and poor, educated and less educated, with which we must concern ourselves . In many other countries access to the Internet is much more restricted; there are billions of people who will never experience it.

Achieving the goal of universally usable online communities and community networks poses two challenges. The first is we must focus on developingnonverbal cues (that is, body language) that help to make these systems more effective. For example, clever users are inventing linguistic shortcuts, such as the now-familiar smiley faces and abbreviations like IMHO for “in my humble opinion.” Ingenious designers, like the contributors to this special section, are also raising the quality of usersrsquo; experiences by creating visual representations and tools to support social interaction . However, software alone is not enough. Skillful community managers, leaders, and moderators are needed to encourage collaboration and promote the cooperation and trust needed for a successful community.

Trust develops when there is a history of favorable past interactions that lead participants to expect positive future interactions. Being able to identify who is present and examine their past behavior is therefore helpful. The articles by Tom Erickson et al., technologies accessible to a wide range of users on a variety of devices. The second is to ensure the software also supports sociability, that is, effective social interaction online .

Interaction via existing technologies, such as email, chat rooms, and instant messaging, entices millions of people online. It provides a good starting point for extending community development. These applications offer users novel ways of communicating that differ from those offered by established technologies such as telephones, and more recent technologies such as 3D immersive environments. For those who want to reflect, compose, and review correspondence at their own convenience, asynchronous text environments can be exceptionally powerful. In contrast, instant messaging, telephone texting, and chats support brief, rapid exchanges that enable people to keep track of each other and synchronize their behavior. Better integration of these technologies and the addition of facilities to support consensus building, voting, and information retrieval will further enrich them as we are starting to see in Web environments, PCs, and handheld devices.

Novel forms of communication are emerging for expressing emotions and conveying the equivalent of Judith Donath, and Marc Smith suggest a variety of

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支持社区建设社会资本

Jenny Preece,编辑

去年9月，对世界贸易中心和五角大楼的恐怖袭击令我们震惊。 许多人到达电话联系亲人，看电视，或直接在袭击之后听广播收听新闻。 然而，其他人则通过在线社区寻求支持和交流信息。 事实上，约3000万美国人 - 大约三分之一的美国互联网用户 - 转向电子邮件，邮件列表，即时通讯，聊天室和线程讨论系统。 他们写了详细的目击者描述和温柔的慰问词。 他们就为什么发生这些事件进行了灵魂争议的辩论，什么回应是适当的，以及应该做些什么来避免未来的暴行。

将人们聚集在物质社区和通过技术跨越时间，距离和经常文化的障碍的同情和共同思考在这些事件的恐怖中振兴起来。沟通和协作精神有助于加强任何社区的在线和离线。此外，它可以触及商业，教育，医疗保健，娱乐和家庭生活的各个方面的好时光和坏处。

将社区和其他社会网络结合在一起的胶水被称为“社会资本”。发展社会资本的关键因素是信任。社会资本是金融资本的社会等价物。像金融资本一样，社会资本是一种有助于维持社区的资源。着名书“保龄球：美国共同体的崩溃与复兴”的作者罗伯特·普特南（Robert Putnam）声称，社会资本鼓励团体成员之间的协作与合作，为他们的互利。因此，社会资本供给充实的社区生活比社会资本低的社区更容易。

9月11日之后，互联网，特别是在线社区如何有助于丰富全球社会资本？作为技术专业人员，我们如何为这一目标做出贡献？正如艾米·布鲁克曼（Amy Bruckman）在本节的文章中所指出的：“文化与科技、计算机专业人员共同催化了这一过程。”我们面临的挑战是确保技术能够满足人类的需求。因此，我们的目标是研究如何更有效地利用通信技术来支持社区和促进社会资本开发。

计算基础设施已经支持数千个在线社区，使人们跨越障碍。有人把人聚集在一起只有在线，其他社区也遇到身体。互联网如何更好地支持所有这些社区，并以增加当地，国家和国际社会资本的方式来鼓励他人？无论收入，教育程度，种族，文化或性别如何，我们如何能够确保每个人都能参与这些社区？为此，我们需要开发低成本的硬件，软件和普遍可用的计算基础设施。

美国早期的互联网用户来自狭窄的人口。最近的调查显示，在线的美国妇女人数已经增加到男人的数量。然而，贫富差距还有教育程度较低，受教育水平较低，我们必须关心自己。在许多其他国家，互联网的访问受到更多限制;有数十亿的人永远不会体验它。

实现普遍可用的在线社区和社区网络的目标带来了两个挑战。第一是我们必须专注于发展非语言线索（即肢体语言），帮助使这些系统更有效。例如，聪明的用户正在发明语言快捷方式，例如现在熟悉的笑脸和缩写，如“我的谦虚的意见”中的IMHO。“巧妙的设计师，像这个特别部分的贡献者，也提高了用户体验的质量通过创建视觉表示和工具来支持社交互动。但是，单靠软件是不够的。需要熟练的社区经理，领导和主持人来鼓励合作，促进成功的社区所需的合作和信任。

当有一个有利的过去互动的历史，引导参与者期待积极的未来互动时，信任就会发展。因此，能够确定谁在场并检查他们过去的行为是有帮助的。汤姆·埃里克森（Tom Erickson）等人撰写的文章，各种设备上广泛的用户可以使用的技术。第二个是确保软件也支持社交性，即在线有效的社交互动。

通过现有技术（如电子邮件，聊天室和即时通讯）进行互动，吸引了数百万人上网。为扩大社区发展提供了良好的起点。这些应用程序为用户提供了新颖的通信方式，与传统技术所提供的方式不同，例如电话，以及最新技术，如3D沉浸式环境。对于那些想要自己反思，撰写和审阅信件的人来说，异步文本环境可以非常强大。相比之下，即时消息，电话短信和聊天支持简短的快速交换，使人们能够跟踪对方并同步其行为。这些技术的更好的整合以及增加设施来支持共识建立，投票和信息检索将进一步丰富它们，因为我们开始在Web环境，PC和手持设备中看到。

新形式的沟通正在出现，用于表达情感并传达相当于朱迪丝·多纳思的信息，而马克·史密斯则提出各种创意。他们的目标是让参与者更容易地衡量这些事情，例如谁在场，他们在做什么，他们在那里多久，领导者是谁，以及他人如何判断他们贡献的价值。

Erickson，Christine Halverson，Wendy Kellogg，Mark Laff和Tracee Wolf努力巧妙地提供足够的线索，以便参与者可以判断他们的Babble聊天世界的社会环境 - 他们称之为“社会半透明”的概念。这个想法是可视化应该是有帮助但不是侵入性的。 Donath使用“语义可视化”来描绘三个不同的社区中的社会现象（例如，谁在场，活跃多久）。正如她指出的那样，设计可视化时需要注意，因为适用于一个上下文的表示可能不适合别人。对于情感支持社区来说，花代表性可能在美学上令人愉快，但对于商业社会来说是不合适的。史密斯通过跟踪线索和作者描述了在Usenet和公告牌中导航社交空间的工具。他的目标是制定“社会会计指标”来评估社区的成功。例如，在技术支持社区，一个指标将显示参与者提出的问题的回答速度。

Roxanne Hiltz和Murray Turoff，Amy Bruckman和Dorine Andrews的文章侧重于社区领导者和参与者在鼓励合作和信任方面的作用。 Hiltz和Turoff借鉴了二十多年的研究，问：什么使异步学习网络有效？这些先驱者建议通过建立“快速信任”，开展协作学习活动，并通过适当的软件积极参与，促进教师与学生的互动。迅速的信任涉及参与者 - 在这种情况下，学生由教师支持，放弃了他们的不确定性和怀疑感，并同意合作。这种积极的经验植根于长期的信任。

学生或儿童与同龄人，老年人或技术支持的其他成人合作的学习社区，正如Bruckman所展示的那样，可以吸引人，有效的学习环境。这些环境可以提供情感支持，以及在学习时分享想法和培养创造力的论坛。虽然学习是这些环境的重点，但合作与分享的理念与其他社区（如健康社区）相关。

发展信任和令人满意的隐私是特别困难的挑战的社区可能受益于Andrews建议的基于Web的社区的开发方法。这种方法借鉴了她作为面对面会议的专业协调者的经验，提出了在线和在线信任开发之间桥接的方法。

在线社区花费多少开发和支持，它们的好处是什么？经常询问这些问题;特别是那些必须决定如何最好地利用预算的经理。 David Millen，David Fontaine和Michael Muller的文章提出了一种评估实践社区的好处和成本的方法。为了了解什么使社区成功，发展资金合理，我们需要评估方法，成功措施，以及如何改进在线体验的指导。

开发在线社区需要深入了解社会互动和技术的中介效应。作者在这个特别部分的演示中有很多问题需要考虑。需要解决方案，超越模仿面对面的互动。成功的解决方案将创造性地利用广泛使用的技术，使其更加强大，同时确保通用的可用性。具有小屏幕和小键盘的移动设备已经扩展了一些公民的通信选项范围。正在发生异步和同步技术的更紧密的集成，并且正在出现新的交互方式，例如手机中的“发短信”。随着人们在虚拟和物理世界中无缝移动，这些技术正在消除在线和离线社区之间的界限。

设计和部署通信技术的进展可能使其他创伤事件的幸存者能够相互协作和相互协调。更大的希望是，有效的沟通可以增加建立更有反应性的社区所需的社会资本，帮助预防或减少未来的恐怖主义。在机构正在采取措施（例如，越来越多的监督和面试外国人），引起恐惧和不信任的历史，我们也可能想建立社会资本，也就是信任和愿意合作。社区参与提高了威胁的意识，鼓励保护警惕，并产生关爱的反应。在线社区正在变得越来越重要的方式相互协调，支持，信息和辩论。

2002 ACM 0002-0782/02/0400

参考文献

1. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Oct. 31, 2001. Online communities: Networks that nurture long-distance relationships and local ties.

2. Preece, J. Online Communities: Designing Usability, Supporting Sociability. John Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 2000.

3. Preece, J., Rogers, Y., Sharp, H. Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction. John Wiley, New York, 2002.

4. Putnam, R.D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon amp; Schuster, New York, 2000.

5. Rice, R.E. and Katz, J.E., Eds. The Internet and Health Communication: Experiences and Expectations. Sage Publications; Thousand Oaks, CA, 2000.

6. Shneiderman, B. Universal usability. Commun. ACM 43, 5 (May 2000), 84–91.

7. U.S. Department of Commerce. Falling through the Net: Toward digital inclusion;

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