基于安卓Android的校园课堂辅助系统的设计与实现外文翻译资料

 2022-12-05 16:24:49

The Operation and Application of Android System

Philippe·Nier

I. INTRODUCTION

Android is a software stack for mobile devices which includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Since its official public release, Android has captured the interest from companies, developers and the general audience. From that time up to now, this software platform has been constantly improved either in terms of features or supported hardware and, at the same time, extended to new types of devices different from the originally intended mobile ones. Google entered into the mobile market not as a handset manufacturer, but by launching mobile platform called as “Android” for mobile devices such as Smart phones, PDA and net books on 5th November 2007. Google has a vision that Android based cell phone will have all the functions available in the latest PC. In order to make this effort possible, Google launched the Open Handset Alliance. Google introduced Android as an OS which runs the powerful applications and gives the users a choice to select their applications and their carriers. The Android platform is made by keeping in mind various sets of users who can use the available capacity within Android at different levels. Android is gaining strength both in the mobile industry and in other industries with different hardware architectures.

The increasing interest from the industry arises from two core aspects: its open-source nature and its architectural model. Being an open-source project, Android allows us to fully analyze and understand it, which enables feature comprehension, bug fixing, further improvements regarding new functionalities and finally, porting to new hardware. On the other hand, its Linux kernel-based architecture model also adds the use of Linux to the mobile industry, allowing to take advantage of the knowledge and features offered by Linux. The Android platform consists of several layers which provide a complete software stack.

Android applications are Java-based and this factor entails the use of a virtual machine VM environment, with its advantages. Android uses its own VM called Dalvik, which interprets and executes portable Java-style byte code after transforming it, which is optimized to operate on the mobile platform. All of these aspects make Android an appealing target to be used in other type of environments.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section II briefly describes the Androidrsquo;s background including architecture, features amp; programming framework. Section III presents detailed analysis of Android market including comparison with Symbian amp; Windows Mobile. Finally Section IV concludes this paper.

II. ANDROID BACKGROUND

A . Android Architecture

Android Architecture is shown in fig1, which consist of number of layers as Applications, Application framework, Libraries, Android runtime amp; Linux kernel [1]. Application layer is the uppermost layer which provides a set of core applications including an email, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written using the Java programming language. It should be mentioned that applications can be run simultaneously; it is possible to hear music and read an email at the same time. The Application Framework is a software framework that is used to implement a standard structure of an application for a specific operating system. With the help of managers, content providers and other services programmers it can reassemble functions used by other existing applications.

Layer which is present below Application framework consist of two parts as Libraries which are all written in C/C . They will be called through a Java interface. This includes the Surface Manager, 2D and 3D graphics, Media Codecs like MPEG-4 and MP3, the SQL database SQLite and the web browser engine WebKit. Second part is Android Runtime which includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language. Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The lowest layer is Linux Kernel, Android basically relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack.

B. Features of Android

Google Android has many features which make it special, but one important feature is Dalvik virtual machine (DVM) [5]. Which is a major component of Android platform. It is optimized for low memory requirements and is designed to allow multiple VM instances to run at the same time. The DVM runs Java applications. However, it is different from standard Java virtual machine in some ways. First, most virtual machines use a stack-based architecture, but Dalvik is a register-based architecture. Second, Dalvik runs Java applications which have been transformed into the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality such as threading and low-level memory management. Java virtual machine tool interface (JVM TI) is a native programming interface on Java virtual machine. The interface provides functionalities to inspect the state of a virtual machine, gather information during run time, and also control the execution of applications running on the Java virtual machine. Android has built in integrated browser based on the open source WebKit engine amp; built in powerful SQL database engine called SQLite, use for structured data storage. Android support for common audio, video, and still image formats such as AAC, MPEG4, H.264

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Android系统的操作与应用

菲利普·妮尔

一,引言

Android是用于移动设备的软件栈,包括操作系统,中间件和关键应用程序。自官方公开发布以来,Android已经吸引了公司,开发商和广大观众的兴趣。从那时起,到目前为止,该软件平台在功能或支持的硬件方面不断得到改进,同时扩展到与原始移动设备不同的新型设备。 Google进入移动市场,不是作为手机制造商,而是在2007年11月5日推出了诸如智能手机,PDA和网络书籍等移动设备的“Android”移动平台.Google有一个愿景,即Android手机将所有功能在最新的PC中可用。为了使这一努力成为可能,Google推出了开放手机联盟。 Google将Android作为运行强大应用程序的操作系统,为用户提供了选择其应用程序及其运营商的选择。 Android平台是通过记住可以在不同级别使用Android中的可用容量的各种用户组来制定的。 Android在移动行业和其他具有不同硬件架构的行业中获得了实力。

业界越来越多的兴趣来自两个核心方面:其开源性质及其建筑模式。作为一个开放源码的项目,Android让我们能够对其进行全面的分析和理解,从而使功能理解,错误修复,新功能的进一步改进以及移植到新的硬件。另一方面,其基于Linux内核的架构模型也将Linux的使用增加到移动行业,从而可以利用知识和

Linux提供的功能。 Android平台由几层提供完整的软件堆栈组成。

Android应用程序是基于Java的,这个因素需要使用虚拟机VM环境,具有其优点。 Android使用自己的名为Dalvik的VM,它在转换后解释和执行可移植的Java风格的字节码,该代码经过优化,可在移动平台上进行操作。所有这些方面使Android成为在其他类型环境中使用的有吸引力的目标。

本文的其余部分组织如下:第二部分简要介绍了Android的背景,包括架构,功能和编程框架。第三节详细分析了Android市场,包括与Symbian和Windows Mobile的对比。最后第四节总结了本文。

II。 ANDROID背景

一个 。 Android架构

Android架构如图1所示,其中包括应用程序,应用程序框架,库,Android运行时和Linux内核的层数[1]。应用层是提供一组核心应用的最上层,包括电子邮件,SMS程序,日历,地图,浏览器,联系人等。所有应用程序都使用Java编程语言编写。应该提到应用程序可以同时运行;可以同时听到音乐和阅读电子邮件。应用程序框架是用于实现特定操作系统的应用程序的标准结构的软件框架。在管理人员,内容提供商和其他服务程序员的帮助下,它可以重新组合其他现有应用程序使用的功能。

应用框架下面的层由两部分组成,这些部分都是用C / C 编写的。它们将通过Java接口进行调用。这包括Surface Manager,2D和3D图形,Media Codec如MPEG-4和MP3,SQL数据库SQLite和Web浏览器引擎WebKit。第二部分是Android Runtime,它包含一组核心库,它们提供了Java编程语言核心库中可用的大部分功能。每个Android应用程序都运行在自己的进程中,并且具有自己的Dalvik实例

虚拟机。 Dalvik VM以Dalvik Executable(.dex)格式执行文件,该格式针对最小的内存占用进行了优化。最底层是Linux内核,Android基本上依赖于Linux 2.6版,用于核心系统服务,如安全性,内存管理,进程管理,网络堆栈和驱动程序模型。内核还可以作为硬件与软件堆栈的其余部分之间的抽象层。

B. Android的功能

Google Android具有许多功能,使其特别,但一个重要功能是Dalvik虚拟机(DVM)[5]。哪个是Android平台的主要组成部分。它针对低内存要求进行了优化,旨在允许多个VM实例同时运行。 DVM运行Java应用程序。但是,它在某些方面与标准Java虚拟机不同。首先,大多数vi RTual机器使用基于堆栈的架构,但Dalvik是一种基于注册的架构。第二,Dalvik运行已经转换为Dalvik Executable(.dex)格式的Java应用程序,该格式针对最小的内存占用进行了优化。Dalvik VM依赖于Linux内核,用于底层功能,如线程和低级内存管理。 Java虚拟机工具界面(JVM TI)是Java虚拟机上的本机编程接口。该接口提供了检查虚拟机的状态,运行时收集信息以及控制Java虚拟机上运行的应用程序执行的功能。 Android已经内置了基于开源WebKit引擎的集成浏览器,并内置了名为SQLite的强大的SQL数据库引擎,用于结构化数据存储。 Android支持常见的音频,视频和静态图像格式,如AAC,MPEG4,H.264,MP3,AMR,并包含丰富的开发环境,包括设备仿真器,调试工具和Eclipse.C的插件。 。 Android编程框架环境需要开发Android应用程序,包括Android SDK,Eclipse IDE和Java开发工具包(JDK),必须预安装Android SDK和Eclipse。上面提到的以下版本的工具使用并显示在下图中.1)Android软件开发工具包:Android SDK包含一套全面的开发工具。这些包括图书馆,手机模拟器,文档,示例代码,教程和工具,如dx - Dalvik Cross-Assembler,aapt - Android资产包装工具和adb- Android调试桥。应用程序使用Java编程语言编写,并在Dalvik上运行,Dalvik是在Linux内核上运行的专为嵌入式使用而设计的自定义虚拟机。官方支持的集成开发环境(IDE)是Eclipse(3.2或更高版本)2)Android模拟器:Android SDK包括一个移动设备模拟器 - 在您的计算机上运行的虚拟移动设备。仿真器可让您在不使用物理设备的情况下对Android应用进行原型,开发和测试。 Android模拟器模拟典型移动设备的所有硬件和软件功能,但无法接收或拨打实际电话。它提供了各种导航和控制键,您可以使用鼠标或键盘为您的应用程序生成事件。它还提供了显示应用程序的屏幕,以及运行的任何其他Android应用程序。为了让您更轻松地对应用程序进行建模和测试,仿真器支持Android虚拟设备(AVD)配置。 AVD可让您指定要在仿真器上运行的Android平台,以及要使用的硬件选项和仿真器皮肤文件。 ANDROID MARKET ANALYSISA。 Android Market Android Market是一款在线软件商店,由Google为Android设备开发。它已于2008年10月22日提供给用户。大多数Android设备都附带了预先安装的“市场”应用程序,允许用户浏览,购买,下载和评估不同的可用应用程序和其他内容,源操作系统。与iPhone App Store不同,没有要求Android应用程序应该从Android Market获得[2]。 Android应用程序可能来自任何来源,包括开发人员自己的网站。此外,Android开发人员可以创建自己的应用程序市场。与Apple所使用的流程相比,Google对于Android平台上的应用没有严格的要求。最后,Android Market针对开发商开发的应用程序采用70/30收入分成模式。定价应用程序的开发商获得70%的应用价格,剩下的30%的分配。截至2010年5月4日,Android应用程序在2009年8月达到约49,000个应用程序,2009年8月约为12,500个,2009年12月为20,000个。2009年第二季度和2010年第二季度全球智能手机销售情况如下。 Android与Symbian vs. Windows MobileComparison基于主要标准如下.1)可移植性:可移植性是非常重要的评估标准。 Symbian操作系统在这方面有很多参考,具有标准化的架构和对软件的开放性。但事实上,Symbian主要运行在诺基亚手机上,而不是基于Java的,它可以让它落后于Android。不幸的是,Windows Mobile还有几个特定于某些硬件平台的应用程序,因此不可移植。 Android Mobile平台是基于Linux和Java的,它允许我们在许多不同的平台上使用Symbian和Win Mobile。因此,Android得到一点,Symbian OS获得了半点和Windows Mobile零点。

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