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Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Han Qiang^{1, 2dagger;}, Du Xiuli^1Dagger;, Liu Jingbo^2Dagger;, Li Zhongxian^3Dagger;, Li Liyun^1dagger; and Zhao Jianfeng^4sect;

1. Key Lab. of Urban Security amp; Disaster Engineering of MOE, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3. College of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 200072, China
4. College of Civil Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, China

Abstract: Many highway bridges were severely damaged or completely collapsed during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. A field investigation was carried out in the strongly affected areas and over 320 bridges were examined. Damage to some representative highway bridges is briefly described and a preliminary analysis of the probable causes of the damage is presented in this paper. The most common damage included shear-flexural failure of the pier columns, expansion joint failure, shear key failure, and girder sliding in the transversal or longitudinal directions due to weak connections between girder and bearings. Lessons learned from this earthquake are described and recommendations related to the design of curved and skewed bridges, design of bearings and devices to prevent girder collapse, and ductility of bridge piers are presented. Suggestions for future seismic design and retrofitting techniques for bridges in moderate to severe earthquake areas are also proposed.

Keywords: Wenchuan earthquake; seismic damage; seismic design; highway bridge; field investigation

1 Introduction

At 14:28 (Beijing time) on Monday, May 12, 2008, a devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale struck Wenchuan, Sichuan Province of China. It was the strongest earthquake to occur in China and the most costly natural disaster in the past 100 years. It caused great destruction to infrastructure systems; 24 highways, 161 state or provincial roads, and 8,618 county roads were affected, while 6,140 bridges and 156 tunnels were damaged. The total losses to the transportation system due to the earthquake were over 67 billion RMB, most of which consisted of damage to bridges (http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2008/ 260802.php, 2008-06-20).

Unlike the damage to buildings in earthquake affected regions, where a large number of injuries or deaths were caused directly by building collapse, bridge damage isolated the affected area by preventing

Correspondence to: Han Qiang, College of Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China Tel: 86-10-67391652

E-mail: qhan@yahoo.cn

^dagger;Lecturer; ^Dagger;Professor; ^sect;Associate Professor

Supported by: National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No. 90715032 and 50808105; National Basic Research Program of China Under Grant No. 2007CB714203

Received January 27, 2009; Accepted March 30, 2009

the transport of lifeline supplies and denying access by rescuers. This generated an even larger impact to society. The severe damage to bridges and the difficulty in repairing or retrofitting them lengthened the rescue process to such an extent that many wounded people lost their lives due to the lack of access to medical care.

The investigation of earthquake damage to highway bridges in this event will provide valuable information for improving the criteria and specifications in existing seismic design codes for highway bridges. To this end, a large-scale 46-day field survey was carried out in the stricken areas, covering 18 cities or counties along the main central fault (Yingxiu-Beichuan fault), including Wenchuan County, Dujiangyang City, Pengzhou City, Guanghai City, Deyang City, Shifang City, Mianzhu City, Mianyang City, Jiangyou City, Anxian County, Beichuan County, Guangyuan City, Pingwu County, Qinchuan County, and Jiange County in Sichuan Province and Wenxian County in Gansu Province.

Among the 320 major bridges and other transportation facilities investigated, 46 bridges (about 14% of the total number of the damaged bridges) were severely damaged (traffic was interrupted due to failed bridge piers or falling beams), 128 bridges (39%) were moderately damaged (traffic control was imposed due to settlement, damaged bearings, and cracking of decks, beams, or piers), and 154 bridges (47%) had minor damaged or were intact (normal traffic was maintained with slight settlement, minor cracking, or minor

264 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING VIBRATION Vol.8

horizontal movement).

According to the Chinese Specification of Earthquake Resistant Design for Highway Engineering (MCPRC, 1990), for a highway bridge designed to withstand the maximum earthquake intensity of IX, the basic design value of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is 0.4 g. However, the observed maximum intensity in some regions in the Sichuan Province during the Wenchuan earthquake was nearly XI due to the large magnitude and shallow focal depth of the main earthquake source. The earthquake lasted for more than 90 seconds, and was followed by many aftershocks of M 6 or more. In the ground motion recordings fro

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Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Han Qiang^{1, 2dagger;}, Du Xiuli^1Dagger;, Liu Jingbo^2Dagger;, Li Zhongxian^3Dagger;, Li Liyun^1dagger; and Zhao Jianfeng^4sect;

1. Key Lab. of Urban Security amp; Disaster Engineering of MOE, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3. College of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 200072, China
4. College of Civil Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, China

Abstract: Many highway bridges were severely damaged or completely collapsed during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. A field investigation was carried out in the strongly affected areas and over 320 bridges were examined. Damage to some representative highway bridges is briefly described and a preliminary analysis of the probable causes of the damage is presented in this paper. The most common damage included shear-flexural failure of the pier columns, expansion joint failure, shear key failure, and girder sliding in the transversal or longitudinal directions due to weak connections between girder and bearings. Lessons learned from this earthquake are described and recommendations related to the design of curved and skewed bridges, design of bearings and devices to prevent girder collapse, and ductility of bridge piers are presented. Suggestions for future seismic design and retrofitting techniques for bridges in moderate to severe earthquake areas are also proposed.

Keywords: Wenchuan earthquake; seismic damage; seismic design; highway bridge; field investigation

1 Introduction

At 14:28 (Beijing time) on Monday, May 12, 2008, a devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale struck Wenchuan, Sichuan Province of China. It was the strongest earthquake to occur in China and the most costly natural disaster in the past 100 years. It caused great destruction to infrastructure systems; 24 highways, 161 state or provincial roads, and 8,618 county roads were affected, while 6,140 bridges and 156 tunnels were damaged. The total losses to the transportation system due to the earthquake were over 67 billion RMB, most of which consisted of damage to bridges (http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2008/ 260802.php, 2008-06-20).

Unlike the damage to buildings in earthquake affected regions, where a large number of injuries or deaths were caused directly by building collapse, bridge damage isolated the affected area by preventing

Correspondence to: Han Qiang, College of Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China Tel: 86-10-67391652

E-mail: qhan@yahoo.cn

^dagger;Lecturer; ^Dagger;Professor; ^sect;Associate Professor

Supported by: National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No. 90715032 and 50808105; National Basic Research Program of China Under Grant No. 2007CB714203

Received January 27, 2009; Accepted March 30, 2009

the transport of lifeline supplies and denying access by rescuers. This generated an even larger impact to society. The severe damage to bridges and the difficulty in repairing or retrofitting them lengthened the rescue process to such an extent that many wounded people lost their lives due to the lack of access to medical care.

The investigation of earthquake damage to highway bridges in this event will provide valuable information for improving the criteria and specifications in existing seismic design codes for highway bridges. To this end, a large-scale 46-day field survey was carried out in the stricken areas, covering 18 cities or counties along the main central fault (Yingxiu-Beichuan fault), including Wenchuan County, Dujiangyang City, Pengzhou City, Guanghai City, Deyang City, Shifang City, Mianzhu City, Mianyang City, Jiangyou City, Anxian County, Beichuan County, Guangyuan City, Pingwu County, Qinchuan County, and Jiange County in Sichuan Province and Wenxian County in Gansu Province.

Among the 320 major bridges and other transportation facilities investigated, 46 bridges (about 14% of the total number of the damaged bridges) were severely damaged (traffic was interrupted due to failed bridge piers or falling beams), 128 bridges (39%) were moderately damaged (traffic control was imposed due to settlement, damaged bearings, and cracking of decks, beams, or piers), and 154 bridges (47%) had minor damaged or were intact (normal traffic was maintained with slight settlement, minor cracking, or minor

264 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING VIBRATION Vol.8

horizontal movement).

According to the Chinese Specification of Earthquake Resistant Design for Highway Engineering (MCPRC, 1990), for a highway bridge designed to withstand the maximum earthquake intensity of IX, the basic design value of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is 0.4 g. However, the observed maximum intensity in some regions in the Sichuan Province during the Wenchuan earthquake was nearly XI due to the large magnitude and shallow focal depth of the main earthquake source. The earthquake lasted for more than 90 seconds, and was followed by many aftershocks of M 6 or more. In the ground motion recordings fro

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