粮食主产区粮食生产要素利用效率分析外文翻译资料

Efficiency Analysis of Grain Production Inputs: Utilization in China from an Agricultural Sustainability Perspective

Abstract Agricultural input surpluses cause severe environmental pollution and natural resource depletion; thus, the need to improve the utilization efficiency of agricultural inputs has become urgent. For this purpose, a data envelopment analysis was used to analyze the technical efficiency of agricultural inputs for major grain production in 13 grain-producing provinces at a macrolevel; farmersrsquo; behavioral characteristics with regard to input application were subsequently deter-

mined at a microlevel. The results indicated that most provinces had lower technical efficiency scores. Liaoning (0.697) and Jiangxi (0.724) had much lower technical scores for rice production; Hebei (0.758), Jiangsu (0.720), Anhui (0.719), Shandong (0.762) and Henan (0.702), which had larger yields, tended to have lower technical efficiency for wheat production. Finally, Neimenggu (1), Liaoning (1), Jilin (0.868) and Heilongjiang (0.976), which had higher maize yields, had much higher technical efficiency scores for maize production. Many provinces were operating on decreasing returns to scale and the need to decrease planting scale systems. The regions with larger grain output or lower technical efficiency scores tended to have higher optimal savings of agricultural inputs. Respondents in the main grain-producing area had higher ages and lower education levels. The respondents lacked knowledge regarding environmental regulations and input safety usage standards. Most farmers thought that it was important to apply agricultural inputs properly, but they continued to operate as they usually did with such behaviors as ignoring instructions or changing the dosages casually. Moreover, the farmers rarely adopted eco-friendly production technologies. Therefore, it is necessary to promote scientific-technical progress, improve technology extension services, highlight market-based decisions, and improve supportive policies.

Keywords Sustainability · Agriculture · Inputs · Efficiency · Farmer · Environment

Introduction

Sustainable agricultural development aims to increase grain yield, ensure food security, increase farmer income, avert famine, promote comprehensive agricultural devel- opment, and use and protect natural resources and the environment for present and future generations [43]. As the world population grows and the economy develops, sub- stantial increases in the demand for agricultural products impose significant pressure on natural resources and the agricultural environment, leading to environmental pollu- tion and degradation; therefore, the development of sus- tainable agriculture is a primary concern [44]. China, a major grain-producing country, feeds 22% of the global population with less than 7% of the globally cultivated

land, and it faces the dual challenge of population growth and resource depletion [26]. By 2020, it is estimated that China must increase annual food production by 26% using limited domestic resources to feed its growing population [2].

Currently, the high grain yield in China depends pri- marily on high external inputs, high environmental and energy consumption, and production technologies from Western countries instead of its traditional organic pro- duction technologies [44]. As the most direct energy-con- suming and environment-related element of agricultural production, the total annual consumption of pesticides was 862 ,000 tons in 1983 and reached 1.8 million tons (Mt) in 2012 [3, 9]. According to the Chinese Academy of Agri- cultural Sciences, 40% of the pesticide applications to rice were superfluous [41]. Furthermore, the Chinese govern- ment prohibited the application of 23 kinds of highly toxic pesticides in 2002 and five kinds of highly toxic organic phosphorus pesticides in 2007 [14, 30], but a fairly large proportion of the applied pesticides (such as methami- dophos and methyl parathion) were still highly toxic, and these pesticides were used frequently because of insuffi- cient supervision [40, 45]. Farmers did not use any com- mercial fertilizers in 1949; however, national annual fertilizer consumption climbed to 9 Mt from 1952 to 1978 and up to 41 Mt in 1998, and China is now the largest consumer of chemical fertilizers in the word [8]. Zhen et al. analyzed farmersrsquo; soil fertility management practices on wheat and maize in several provinces on the North China Plain. In the study area, the yields increased threefold from

2036 kg ha-1 in 1967 to 6808 kg ha-1 in 2000 [44]; however, the N-fertilizer application increased fivefold, and the nutrient-use efficiency of fertilizer was only

30–40%, which is only half of the efficiency in developed countries [46]. Rice growing in China also requires agri- cultural film, and agricultural film consumption has increased rapidly in recent years; starting at only 482,000 tonnes of consumption in 1990, it jumped to 2.382 Mt in 2012 [9]. Over-consumption and low efficiency of agri- cultural input use are the main reasons for the deleterious agricultural impact. According to a study on 23 provinces in China, carelessness and overuse of pesticides and fer- tilizers induced 891 agricultural pollution events with 40,000 ha of agricultural land polluted and 25, 000 tons of agricultural products lost [43]. Moreover, the soil nutrition and fertility balance were also disturbed due to the low consumption of organic fertilizer [21].

In recent years, scholars have studied the utilization and conservation of agricultural inputs from different angles [1, 6, 11, 18, 20, 21, 27, 28, 33–36, 38, 40]. However, most

studies have mainly analyzed the utilization, conversion or relationships with the environment for a certain input or aspect based on farmersrsquo; perspectives; furthermore, very

few studies have focused on integrating economic, s

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粮食主产区粮食生产要素利用效率分析

摘要：本文用数据包络分析（DEA）对粮食主产区主要粮食作物（小麦和水稻）生产投入要素技术效率进行宏观分析，并对粮食主产区农户农业生产行为特征和认知进行微观评价。结果表明，不同省份各粮食作物生产技术效率差异较大，大多数省份均技术效率无效，粮食产量较大的省份，技术效率一般较小，单位耕地的要素调整量也较大。受访农民年龄偏高，受教育水平较低，许多农户对正确使用农业生产要素缺乏了解。基于研究结果，为提高粮食生产投入要素转化效率提出相应的政策建议。

关键词：数据包络分析；技术效率；农户行为；可持续农业；环境保护

中图分类号：F323.22 文献标识码：A

Efficiency analysis of grain production input utilization in major grain producing areas of China

1 引言

随着世界人口增长和经济发展，农产品需求大幅增加给农业和自然资源带来巨大压力，导致了一系列生态环境污染和退化问题，农业可持续发展已引起了世界极大关注。作为粮食生产大国，中国利用世界7%的耕地养活了22%的人口，面临人口增长和环境制约双重压力和严峻挑战^[1-2]。目前中国粮食产量的不断增加主要依赖高外部投入，高自然资源和环境消耗，以及西方农业生产技术对传统有机农业生产技术的替代。

1983年我国农药年消耗量为8.62万吨，而到2012年消耗量达到180.6万吨，根据中国农科院，用于水稻生产的农药有40 %过量^[3]。而且高毒农药占相当大的比例，甲胺磷、敌敌畏、甲基对硫磷等被频繁使用^[4]。1949年农民几乎没有施用过商品化肥，但从1952年到1978年，化肥年消耗量直接上升到900万吨，1998年年消耗量已达4100万吨，成为化肥消耗量最多的国家。对华北平原几个省份玉米和小麦肥料利用情况进行研究发现，1967年粮食产量为2036千克/公顷，2000年为6808千克/公顷，增加了3倍左右，而同期氮肥施用量却增加了5倍之多。然而肥料利用率仅为30%-40%，仅为发达国家的一半^[5]。我国农膜使用量在1990年仅为48.2万吨，2012年增长为238.3万吨。农业生产要素过度消耗，及利用效率低下成为造成农业环境污染的主要原因，根据对中国23个省份调查研究表明，2000年农业污染事件891起，4万吨农田被污染，损失2.5万吨农产品^[1]。另外，无机肥料过度使用，使土壤缺乏有机质，土壤养分失衡和肥力衰退。有研究表明，中国耕地的有机质含量已降低到1.5%，远低于发达国家。

学者们从不同角度研究了农业生产投入要素利用和转化情况^[6-16]。虽然已有的研究取得了较大的成果，但大部分主要对微观农户生产行为进行研究，而且多是对一种农业生产要素，或其某一方面的利用、转化情况以及与环境关系进行分析阐述，很少从环境、社会和政府多维角度有机结合进行探讨，或欠缺深度。本研究以中国粮食主产区为研究对象，从宏观角度探究各粮食主产省主要粮食作物（小麦和水稻）生产要素利用技术效率及其分解值，以及各要素最优配置量；并对主产区农药、化肥和农膜施用及推动其效率转化的相关因素进行微观分析与评价。结合宏观与微观分析结果，为如何优化要素配置比例，提高粮食生产效率，规范微观农户生产行为，进而化解当前由于农药、化肥和农膜滥用引起的农产品质量安全和农业生产环境破坏问题，并为实现农业可持续发展提供科学依据和政策建议。

2 研究方法与数据来源

2.1 研究区域与调研方法

我国粮食主产区是指气候条件湿润温暖，土地相对肥沃，地势较平坦，自然条件适合粮食作物生长，又具有发展粮食产业经济优势的地区。主要包括黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山东、河南、安徽、江苏、湖北、湖南、江西和四川共13省份，年均粮食产量高于1000万吨，人均粮食占有量高于300公斤。粮食总产量占全国粮食总产量的70%以上，消耗了大量化肥、农药和地膜，2012年分别占全国总消耗量的70.9%、67.3%和62.3%。粮食主产区主要粮食品种为水稻、小麦和玉米，2013年产量分别为15071.2万吨, 10339.3万吨和16965.1万吨。由于水稻和小麦是最重要的消费粮食，因此本文以此两种粮食作物进行分析。

本研究对农户农业生产要素利用行为特征、环境保护及食品安全认知设计调查问卷，在2014年12月-2015年2月以粮食主产区13省份1500个农户为调研对象，对作为家庭生产主要决策者的户主进行采访，调研人员是家庭住址为粮食主产区的江南大学的研究生和本科生。利用多阶段系统随机抽样法在每个粮食主产省抽取5个市，在每个市选择2个县，依次选择镇、村和农户。共发放问卷1500份，最后回收问卷1252份，有效率为83.5%。考虑到我国农户的文化程度差异和农业生产的基本模式，采取对户主进行一对一的直接访谈方式进行问卷调查。

2.2 数据收集及分析

本研究应用了宏观数据（二手数据）和微观数据（原始数据）进行研究分析，宏观数据均来源于中国统计局提供的《中国统计年鉴》，《全国农产品成本收益汇编》和《中国农村统计年鉴》，以及粮食主产区各省份统计年鉴及相应文献；所用微观数据来源于对主产区农户调研。利用DEA Solver professional Released 4.1（SAITECH, Inc., USA）进行效率分析，SPSS11.0（release 11.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA）进行描述性统计分析。

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