Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 24, No. I, pp. 235-231, 1997
Published bv Elsevier Science Ltd. Printed in Great Britain
Characteristics of Effective Tourism Promotion Slogans
David B. Klenosky
Purdue University, USA
Richard E. Gitelson
Arizona State University West, USA
Each year, state tourism departments spend considerable sums of money to advertise and promote their region to potential visitors. A statersquo;s promotional campaign is typically organized around a central advertising theme or slogan (Hawes, Taylor and Hampe 1991; Richardson and Cohen 1993). The statersquo;s choice of slogan is considered a critical decision, since it is used to represent the oftentimes diverse geographic and cultural regions within a state while at the same time serving as a centerpiece for state advertising efforts and economic development initiatives. Finding a satisfactory and effective tourism promotion slogan is a difficult and uncertain endeavor. While advertising agencies, tourism officials, and image consultants have some general ideas about what makes one slogan more effective than another, little empirical research exists in the tourism literature to guide efforts in developing a slogan (for a notable exception, however, see Richardson and Cohen 1993). Research related to slogans commonly involves studies that are proprietary, state-specific, and focused on tourists (i.e., their perceptions of the state and reactions to potential slogan ideas). This paper reports on responses to slogans from travel agency managers.
Travel agents provide a critical interface in the tourism marketing system. In addition to helping travelers make reservations, they play a key role in the travel planning process, making suggestions about primary and secondary- destinations, side trips, and attractions to see along the way, as well as transportation, lodging, and dining options. In short, their recommendations of what to see and what to avoid can be critical to the success of a particular tourism operation or region. Previous research has examined the travel agentsrsquo; role as a marketing intermediary (Bitner and Booms 1982; Michie and Sullivan 1990) and provider of travel information (Snepenger, Meged,
Snelling and Worrall 1990) but has not explored their views regarding the effectiveness of the tourism promotion tools or strategies states might use to attract their clients. Similarly, previous research has examined the use and usefulness of a number of different promotional elements, including traveler welcome centers and information centers (Fesenmaier, Vogt and Stewart 1993; Gitelson and Perdue 1987), informational brochures (Gilbert and Houghton 1991), press kits (Gladwell and Wolff 1989), travel trade shows, and other tourism sales-promotion techniques such as sales blitzes, educational seminars, and familiarization trips (Pizam 1990), but has only recently begun to explore issues related to tourism promotion slogans (Richardson and Cohen 1993). The present research is intended to contribute to current knowledge in both of these areas. More specifically, its purpose is to summarize travel agentsrsquo; views regarding the characteristics of effective state tourism slogans.
The data reported here were collected as part of the 1988 Pennsylvania Travel Trade Awareness Study conducted by the Center for Tourism and Travel Research at the Pennsylvania State University (Gitelson, Everett and Klenosky 1988). Telephone interviews were conducted with a national sample of 260 US travel agency managers. Study participants were selected based on a systematic random sampling approach and were chosen to represent each major geographical region of the country. The studyrsquo;s main purpose was to provide baseline data on awareness levels of Pennsylvaniarsquo;s advertising efforts among members of the travel trade prior to the statersquo;s introduction of a new tourism promotion campaign and slogan. A secondary purpose was to address issues that might be helpful in developing the new campaign. Specific questions from the study examined in this note focused on assessing travel agentsrsquo; perceptions of state tourism promotion slogans.
To determine travel agentsrsquo; views about state tourism promotion slogans, respondents were asked “Of all the state tourism slogans that you have seen, read, or heard about, which one do you consider to be the best?” Analyses indicated that just over one out of every four respondents (26.2%), considered New Yorkrsquo;s slogan “I Love NY!” to be the “best”. The next best was Floridarsquo;s “When You Need It Bad, We Got It Good”, mentioned by 6.9% of the sample; followed by “Virginia is for Lovers”, mentioned by 4.6% of the sample. Other state slogans were mentioned but by relatively few respondents. These include Californiarsquo;s “Discover the Californians” (3.1%), Hawaiirsquo;s “The Hawaiian Islands: Where the World Wants to Be” (2.3%), Michiganrsquo;s “Yes Michigan” (1.9%), and Pennsylvaniarsquo;s “Yoursquo;ve got a friend in Pennsylvania” (1.5%).
Respondentsrsquo; choice of best state slogan was followed with the question “Why do you consider that (particular state) slogan to be the best?” Respondents were prompted to provide multiple reasons. A content analysis revealed that most of the responses referred to characteristics of the slogan itself. For example, the slogan was “easy to remember” (accounting for 17.1% of the mentions), accurately “conveys/describes the state” (6.8%), “appeals to the right people/markets” (5.4%), “is clever/amusing” (4.9%), “is simple” (3.9%), “catches your eye” (3.9%), and “projects fun/excitement” (1.5%). The other mentions were related to the use of a song or music in advertising the slogan—is “associated with a catchy song” (9.3%) and “makes you want to sing along” (2.9%)—or to other execution aspects of the advertising campaign itself—“is advertised often” (7.8%), “is advertised everywhere” (4.4%), and “well done” (2.9%).
Of those cho
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《旅游研究纪事》,第24卷,第1期,第231至235页,1997年出版
埃尔塞维尔科学出版公司,出版地:英国
成功旅游标语的特点研究
戴维德· 克莱那斯凯
普渡大学,美国
理查德·吉特尔森
亚利桑那州立大学西校区,美国
每一年,美国各个州的旅游管理部门都要花费很多很多钱向潜在的游客们介绍和推广他们当地的景区。通常来说,各个州的宣传活动都是围绕着某一个主题或标语展开的(霍斯,泰勒,汉佩,1991;理查德森,科恩,1993)。由于事先考虑到即使是在各个州的内部,因为各种各样的原因,也普遍存在着地域和文化的多样性,所以,选择一个能够同时概括本州各地区的所有特色的宣传标语,将是推动宣传推广和旅游经济发展的重中之重。令人苦恼的是,寻找一个能令政府官员和所有当地民众都满意并且卓有成效的宣传标语不仅困难重重,而且还可能历经一番麻烦之后一无所获徒劳无功。虽然各种各样的广告公司、各地的旅游部门和许多出名的旅游形象顾问对于标语的优劣评判有着各自领域内相对笼统的概念.但是,以旅游领域的文本为案例并借此指导标语定制的实证研究还少之又少(值得注意的例外是理查德森和科恩在1993时曾有过相关的论著)。我们常见的很多与旅游宣传标语相关的研究通常都是以一些大的旅游企业或各个各州独有的案例为范本,并聚焦搜集一些游客的反应(例如游客们对该州的实地旅行印象以及游客们对该州旅游标语创意的反响)。以此为基础又与此稍微不同的是,本文是以旅游公司的经理为研究对象,揭示他们作为身处旅游行业之中的优秀从业人员对各种各样不同旅游宣传标语的观点。
众所周知,大大小小的旅游公司在旅游市场体系的庞大构筑中扮演着至关重要的角色。除了帮助游客完成旅行项目的预订之外,它们甚至还衍生出主导出行计划的制定,为游客们选择出行首选目的地、次级目标、短途出游、长途旅行、沿途景点、注意事项等提供相对专业的建议,并为之提供交通和食宿方面的各种便利服务。简而言之,某种意义上来说旅游公司是否会对某个景点青睐有加并因此向他们的顾客大加推荐,这对于某些特定旅游方案或区域在当下及未来旅游业发展中的成败非常关键。此前的研究已经验证了旅游公司作为营销中介的作用(彼特纳·布恩斯和基·沙利文在1982年和1990有过相关研究)和作为旅游资讯提供者的效能(斯尼彭格·米基德和斯内林·沃勒尔在1990年研究发现)。但是,目前还没有任何相关研究揭露旅游公司对于用以吸引游客的旅游宣传活动标语和旅游地相关推广策略的观点。与之相类似的情况是,此前已有研究分析论证了不同营销元素的效用,例如游客接待中心和问询处的效用(费生梅尔·沃格特·斯图尔特,1993年;吉特尔森·珀杜,1987年)、不同宣传册的效用(吉尔伯特·霍顿,1991年)、宣传资料袋的效用(威尔·沃尔夫,1989年)、和各种各样旅游展览的效用。还有其它五花八门的旅游促销形式和技巧,诸如巧借旅游黄金周、教育研讨会、各行各业各种名目的考察团(匹赞姆,1990年)来拉动旅游景区的游客访问量。但是,关于旅游宣传标语的作用的研究是近些年才有人开展的(理查德森·科恩,1993年)。本研究将致力于深化现阶段人们对旅游宣传标语多样性和重要性的认知。具体地来说,本研究将以旅游公司为研究对象,披露他们对于以一些著名旅游景点的标语为范例的广泛特点态度和的评价。
本研究选用的数据来源于1988年出版的《宾夕法尼亚旅游贸易认识研究》,该研究由宾夕法尼亚州立大学的旅游研究中心开展(吉特尔森·埃弗雷特·克林诺斯基,1988年)。通过研读,我们了解到该研究的研究者在调查前期对260名大大小小旅游公司的经理进行了电话采访,从而获得在全国范围内既有代表性又不失广泛性的客观样本。参与研究的人员以随机取样的方式在全美各大地理分区选取不同的采访对象。此次研究的主要目的是:在国家即将推出新的旅游宣传活动和推广口号之前,提供宾夕法尼亚州旅游业从业者对广告宣传的认可程度的基础数据。其次,该研究致力于解决目前存在的各种各样的相关问题并努力促进新型宣传活动的研发。而本研究侧重解决的具体问题则是评估各种类型的旅游公司对全美各个州旅游推广口号的评价。
为了解旅游公司对各州旅游推广口号的评价,本研究向所有参与调查的受访者们提出了一系列有针对性的问题。例如,“在您所看到的、以及从各种渠道听说的各个州的旅游宣传标语中,您认为哪一则是最棒的?”通过我们的研究人员分析数据显示,大约有四分之一(即26.2%)的受访者表示,纽约州的“我爱纽约”是最棒的;其次则是佛罗里达州的“君之所思,吾之所有”,做出这一选择的受访者约占总受访人数的6.9%;排名第三的是维吉尼亚州的“维吉尼亚是粉丝们的天堂”,它得到了受访者们4.6%的选票。还有一些州的标语也受到了青睐,虽然与前三者相比,它们所获得的票数相对较少,其中包括加利福尼亚州的“发现真正的加利福尼亚”(3.1%)、夏威夷州的“夏威夷岛:地球人向往的胜地”(2.3%)、密歇根州的“密歇根真棒”(1.9%)和宾夕法尼亚州的“君有故交在宾州”(1.5%)等等。
紧跟着这一问题,我们向受访者提出的是,“您为什么认为这一标语是最棒的?”而且,本研究鼓励受访者们不受拘束,尽量提供多种多样的理由。针对我们收到的答案,分析之后显示,旅游广告宣传标语吸引游客们最主要的原因在于标语的特点。例如,有的广告标语“很好记”(占受访者的17.1%)、有的“很好地概括了这个州的特点”(6.8%)、有的则是“对受众和市场有吸引力”(5.4%)、“奇妙有趣”(4.9%)、“简单”(3.9%)、“吸睛”(3.9%)、“项目有趣”(1.5%)。其他听起来毫不相干令人不可思议的理由也很多,甚至还包括广告标语的配乐“很动听”(9.3%)或“让人忍不住跟着哼”(2.9%),以及广告宣传活动的不为人注意的一些特点,如“广告频率高”(7.8%)、“随处可见”(4.4%)和“活动很棒”(2.9%)。
举例来说,选择了“我爱纽约”的受访者们就对它的配乐印象尤为深刻(“音乐绕梁三日”、“让人忍不住跟着唱”)。正是得益于此,该广告标语才能深入人心。推荐这则标语给我们的其他受访者还提到了其在推介纽约旅游特色(例如:特色区域、景点和资源)时切实有效的功用。而选择了佛罗里达州宣传标语的受访对象则表示,该标语将佛罗里达州的景点和资源(如:享有盛誉的气候、沙滩和主题公园)与当下全美主流市场的需求和兴趣(如:北方游客和全家出游)很好地结合了起来。而“维吉尼亚是粉丝们的天堂”获选的原因则主要在于该标语擅长引起受众的注意和兴趣。
综上所述,我们总结出,各个州的宣传标语中最受欢迎的依次是纽约州、佛罗里达州和维吉尼亚州的标语。而受访者们罗列的各种各样听起来毫无关联的上榜理由经过总结分析,主要涉及的是广告标语的突出特点和与之相关的一些活动特色。在影响广告标语受欢迎程度的诸多因素中,最主要的还是标语本身的特色,例如:朗朗上口容易记住、凸显本州特色、有市场针对性等。值得我们注意的是,以上特色正是旅游营销和推广的关键。例如:如何吸引并维持受众的关注、兴趣和喜爱;如何维护旅游景点和地区在游客心目中理想的形象并确定明确的市场定位、激发某些特定市场分支的兴趣,等等。由此,上述数据为广告标语从研发开始到评估、投放和效用追踪的整个过程都提供了切实有效的的建议或相对的衡量标准。除此之外,旅游广告深入人心的理由甚至还涉及许多我们原先预想不到的层面还包括。例如,背景音乐的悦耳动听、推广活动的大规模和高频率。这些都与推出特定旅游宣传标语的广告活动的质量和规模息息相关。令人欣慰的是,显而易见我们为执行旅游宣传活动所付出的这一系列努力并没有白费。
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