Does Moral Emotion Plays Role in Cyber-bullying?

Arini Sasikirono Suparlia amp; Neila Ramdhani

Abstract：Number of cyber-bullying among the Internet user has been increased. People can post unusual act and words to express their negative feeling in the cyber-world. Therefore this research questioned does any of moral emotions, for example shame, guilt, detached have correlation with cyber- bullying? The purpose of this study is to find out which moral emotions most play role in cyber-bullying among adolescent. A survey had been carried out to collect both emotion morale and cyber-bullying data. Eighty senior high-school students, 41 females and 30 males participated in this study. Data analyzed by using a simple correlation. It was found that shame (mean=34.23) and externalization (mean= 19.72) are higher compare with guilt (mean= 19.71), detached (mean= 19.72), alpha- pride (mean=9.31), and beta-pride (mean= 9.81). All aspects of moral emotions negatively correlated with cyber-bullying. Beta- pride is the lowest (r= .27) while externalization is the highest (r= .48) correlation with cyber-bullying. Therefore, moral emotions plays important role towards cyber-bullying. Each aspect of emotion will be discussed further.

Keywords: Emotion morales; cyber-bullying; shame, guilt; detached; beta-pride; alpha-pride.

Background

The increase of the use of Internet among teenagers has brought revolutionary change to adolescent social life. With Internet, peoplersquo;s connectivity to one another becomes easier (Evan, 2012). This Internet revolution has been

flourishing along with the increasing use of social media in which social connectivity can no longer be hampered by time and place. Given this condition, everyone can enjoy their solitariness so that it has become a necessity despite the humanrsquo;s natural need of having other human around them (Suller, 1996).

Like a double-bladed knife, Internet brings also negative impact to its users, for example, cyber-bullying. It is every behavior done through electronic or digital medium by an individual or a group of individuals repeatedly posting hostile or aggressive messages on purpose of causing damage or discomfort of others (Nansel, Overpeck, Pilla, 2013; Berne, Frisen, Schultze-Krumbolz, et al., 2013; Moreno, Wong-Lo, amp; Bullock, 2014). American Psychological Association (2013) defines bullying as a repeated aggressive behavior done by an individual that causes otherrsquo;s discomfort. Bullying can be categorized in several forms i.e. physical contact, sarcasm and other disturbing deeds in-group. Bullying often done via cyber media are among others mockery, insult, news about an individual or a group of individuals on purpose of positioning them into uncomfortable condition (Elledge, Williford, Boulton, et al., 2013).

Some researchers have specified that bullying including that done via cyber world can be done by both men and women. In cases of bullying, men usually involve physical violence while women attack other women most often without physical contact, for instant, by gossiping and messages that can cause depression, low self-esteem, anxiety, suicidal tendency and psychosomatic symptoms like headache and sleep disorder. The question asked by this research is whether men or women do cyber-bullying most?

Bullying either in real world or in cyber world is a very much violation against norms. It is related to individualrsquo;s moral evaluation. When anyone evaluates their behaviors and they think, then appears an emotion called moral emotional behavior (Tangney, Malouf, Stuewig amp; Mashek, 2011). Moral emotion is an emotion emerges when an individual evaluates his/her behavior based on moral standard (Tangney, Stuewig amp; Mashek, 2007). Moral emotion can be shame, guilt, pride or embarrassment (Tangney amp; Tracy, 2011). Shame arises when an individual feels having done something wrong over Standard, Rule and Goal (SRG). When anyone experiences shame, they tend to blame totally on themselves (Tangney, Malouf, Stuewig, amp; Mashek, 2011). Brown (2010) found that when feeling shame, every individual sees themselves as a low and incompetent person. Accordingly, shame often is associated with a state of being trapped, powerless and isolated. It is closely connected to depression (Robinaugh amp; McNally, 2010).

The guilt is a moral emotion that also arises when individuals infringes their SRG (Tangney amp; Tracy, 2011). Yet, it is different from shame. When individuals feel guilty, they do not focus on themselves in general but on the incorrect behavior (Tangney, Stuewig amp; Mashek, 2007). Hence, often it is said that guilt is more constructive because it concerns more about the behavior than the person doing mistake so that the guilt makes it more possible for the person to change/correct his/her behavior (Tangney, Stuewig, Hafez, 2011; Tangney, Malouf, Stuewig, amp; Mashek, 2011).

The pride is an emotion arising when an individual manages to exceed his/her SRG. It is divided into two parts, namely hubristic pride or alpha pride and authentic pride or beta pride. The hubristic pride is a feeling arising in anyone who can achieve success due to the talent or what they have already had while authentic pride is an emotion

arising in one who makes success due to their efforts (Tracy, Shariff, amp; Cheng, 2010).

Logically cyber-bullying is a form of “crime” that is potential to generate valuation on morality. The valuation will reveal moral emotions that affect individualrsquo;s behaviors (Tangney, Malouf, Stuewig, amp; Mashek, 2011). Moral emotions, which are often called self-conscious emotions, are emotions resulted from onersquo;s evaluation of their individuality and behaviors in compared to certain values or mor

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道德情绪是否影响网络暴力行为？

Arini Sasikirono Suparli amp; Neila Ramdhani

摘要：存在网络暴力行为的网民数量不断增加，人们可以在网上贴出不正常的言辞举动来释放自己的负面情绪。因此本文提出疑问，网络暴力是否与羞愧，内疚，冷漠等道德情绪存在某种关联？本文旨在找出在青少年网络暴力中，哪种道德情绪起到的作用最大。通过调查收集情感动机与网络暴力的数据，来自80所高中的41名女学生和30名男学生参与到本项研究中。 采用简单关联法分析数据，结果显示，羞愧（平均值=43.23）与客观化（平均值=19.72）比内疚（平均值= 19.71）、冷漠（平均值= 19.72）、alpha;-骄傲感 （平均值=9.31）与beta;-骄傲感 （平均值= 9.81）更高。道德情绪的每个方面都与网络暴力呈负相关，其中，beta;-骄傲感 与之相关度最低（r= .27），而客观化（r= .48）与之相关度最高。所以，道德情绪在网络暴力行为中起着重要作用，本文将进一步对情感的方方面面进行讨论。

关键词：情感动机，网络暴力，羞愧，内疚，冷漠，beta;-骄傲感，alpha;-骄傲感

1.背景

随着青少年网络使用率不断提高，青少年社交生活也发生了革命性的变化。有了网络，人与人之间联系更加简单容易（Evan, 2012），随着越来越多人使用社交媒体，社交联系不再受时空限制，这也促进了网络变革的繁荣。在这种情况下，虽然人类有抱团聚居的天性需要，但是每个人也都能享受独处并将之变成一种必需（Suller, 1996）。

网络像一把双刃剑，对用户也有负面影响，网络暴力就是例子。网络暴力指的是某个人或一群人通过电子或数字媒体反复贴出意图造成破坏或引发不安的恶意、挑衅信息的行为。（Nansel, Overpeck, Pilla, 2013; Berne, Frisen, Schultze-Krumbolz, et al., 2013; Moreno, Wong-Lo, amp; Bullock, 2014)。美国心理学协会（2013）将暴力定义为个人反复进行的意图引发不安的的挑衅行为。暴力可分为以下几种形式：身体接触，挖苦以及其他各种令人不安的行为。通过网络媒体进行的暴力通常包括嘲笑，侮辱，透露他人隐私或者群体故意将自身置于不利的境地中（Elledge, Williford, Boulton, et al., 2013）。

有研究指出通过网络世界操作的暴力，现实世界的人们也可以操作。就暴力而言，男性常常参与身体暴力，而女性则不然，她们常常是嚼人舌根说三道四，但这也会造成抑郁、自卑、焦虑、自杀倾向以及头痛、睡眠障碍等身心疾病症状。本文提出的问题是，男性和女性谁做出的网络暴力行为更多？

不论现实还是网络的暴力都是违反规范的行为，且与个人的道德评价密切相关。 任何人评价自己的行为时都会思考，然后再表现出一种称之为道德情绪行为的情绪 （Tangney, Malouf, Stuewig amp; Mashek, 2011）。道德情绪是一个人基于道德标准评价自身行为时产生的情绪 （Tangney, Stuewig amp; Mashek, 2007）。道德情绪可以是羞愧、内疚、骄傲或尴尬（Tangney amp; Tracy, 2011）。当一个人觉得自己做了悖于标准、规则和目标（SRG）的错事时就会产生羞愧。当一个人体会到羞愧时，他们倾向于把错全揽在自己身上责怪自己 （Tangney, Malouf, Stuewig, amp; Mashek, 2011。布朗(Brown)（2010）发现，当感到羞愧时，每个人都会觉得自己卑微又无能。因此，羞愧常常是与身处困境、无能为力以及孤立无援相联系的，并与抑郁密切相关（Robinaugh amp; McNally, 2010）。

当一个人违背了自己的SRG 时，会产生内疚这种道德情绪（Tangney amp; Tracy, 2011）。 不过，内疚与羞愧是不同的。当人感到内疚时，他们集中注意的一般不会是自己，而是不正确的行为（Tangney, Stuewig amp; Mashek, 2007）。 因此，人们通常认为内疚感更有建设性，由于它更多地关注行为而非做错事的人，故而更可能让人改变/修正其行为。（Tangney, Stuewig, Hafez, 2011; Tangney, Malouf, Stuewig, amp; Mashek, 2011)

当一个人设法超越了自己的SRG时，会产生骄傲感这种情绪。这种情绪分为两部分，即自恃骄傲/alpha;骄傲和自豪感/beta;骄傲。当一个人凭借自己的天赋或其他已经掌握的东西获得成功时就会心生自恃骄傲， 而当一个人凭借自己的努力获得成功时，心里产生的情绪便是自豪感（Tracy, Shariff, amp; Cheng,2010）。

逻辑上来讲，网络暴力是一种有可能造成道德评价的“犯罪”形式。评价会暴露影响个人行为的道德情绪（Tangney, Malouf, Stuewig, amp; Mashek, 2011）。道德情绪常常被称作自我意识情绪，当人们将自己的个性行为与一定的价值观或道德标准进行比对评价时，就会产生这些情绪（Tangney, Stuewig, amp; Mashek, 2007; Tangney amp; Tracy, 2011），而这些被比对的价值观和道德标准可能是个人自己制定的也可能是社会上风行的。道德情绪促使个人遵守道德标准，做好事并且避免做坏事（Kroll amp; Egan in Tangney et al, 2007）。因此，道德情绪可作为道德测量工具，能够根据任何流行的标准反馈个人的行为，所以本文假设，道德情绪与网络暴力有关。

2.方法

2.1 参与者

共有160名青少年参与到该项研究中，包括来自80 所高中14-18岁的学生和80所大学18-20岁的学生， 其中共有103 名女性和57名男性。

2.2 测量工具

为了收集第一手资料，本研究所采用的测量工具是“成为网络暴力者倾向量表”（TCAS）和道德情绪量表（MES）。TCAS 由Mawardah (2012）编制，对网络暴力的各个主要方面进行处理，即，恐吓、势力以及出现在电子媒体中的频度。 该量表共50分，其中25分有利因素，25分不利因素。同时还选择了借鉴TOSCA-A （青少年自我意识影响测试）的MES ，该测试由June p. Tangney (in Robins, Noftle, Tracy, 2007)编制。 之所以选择该量表是因为它能够测量个体在面对客观化、冷漠/漠然等道德情境时的行为倾向。MES 共有10 个 消极情境和5 个积极情境，其中有些陈述是关于在一定道德情绪倾向基础上的特定行为。Mayawati 曾根据恰当的翻译程序以及回译方法将TOSCA- A 量表翻译为印度尼西亚语，并与Tangney (Damanik Widodo, Sutandi, et al., 2013）探讨过回译为英语的版本。

3.结果

3.1 网络暴力的经历

本研究的结果发现，一般而言，男性进行网络暴力的数量大于女性 （F = 8.367; p lt; .01）。男性和女性在首次进行网络暴力时，都是带有恐吓，其后便是势力与连续性。在所有类型的网络暴力中，男性的参与度在统计上来说都比女性的参与度更高（表1）。

表1 以实施者性别划分的网络暴力

分析结果显示，如果从调查对象的地位上来看，所获数据的差异是同质的，即使这些对象是不同受教育程度的学生（高中和大学）。因此，我们使用Anova来分析数据。正如表格所示，网络暴力实施者的最高指是高中组学生而非大学生 （F = 14.426; p lt; .01）。相较于大学生，高中学生参与涉及恐吓、势力与连续性的网络暴力案件的更多（表2）。

表2 不同受教育程度对网络暴力的经历 (N= 160)

根据上面这些表格可以得出结论，受教育程度的预测因素（F= 14.426; plt; .01）比性别的预测因素（F= 8.367, plt; 0.05）更高。在所有类型的网络暴力中，受教育程度是最好的网络暴力

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