Japanese Art and the Animated Cartoon
T Imamura,《Quarterly of Film Radio amp; Television》 , 1953 , 7 (3) :217-222
TAIHEI IMAMURA is one of Japans leading motion picture critics and has written a number of books on the social and aesthetic aspects of the film, as well as editing Eiga Bunka (Movie Culture), the only motion-picture magazine in Japan. The following article, which was translated from Japanese by Fuyuichi Tsuruoka, is to appear as a chapter in Mr. Imamuras On the Animated Cartoon. THE ANIMATED CARTOON has made little progress except in America, but the popularity of Disney films, rivaled in universal appeal only by the films of Chaplin, gives reason to hope that there will be a world-wide development in the field of animation, each country adapting the techniques of animation to its own artistic tradition.
Unfortunately, the Japanese animated cartoon is not as unique an art as that of America despite the fact that Japanese art in the past was distinguished by its originality. It may well be that ancient Japanese art, considered critically, is the art of a less advanced society, but this does not mean that a Japanese style of animation can or should dispense with it. Whether we like it or not, traditional art must be the foundation of a truly Japanese animated cartoon. Originality in the new form will not be attained by ignoring the past, for the animated cartoon, like other modern forms of art, is a development of inheritances from the past. It has been pointed out by S. M. Eisenstein that ancient Japanese art has characteristics closely related to those of the animated cartoon and employs similar methods. The Japanese picture scroll, considered as a picture story, is actually a distant antecedent of the animated cartoon, the first attempt to tell a story with a time element in pictures. The chief difference between the animated cartoon and the picture scroll is that the individual pictures in the scroll do not move. On the other hand, neither does the single frame of a motion picture. The illusion of movement results, in both forms, from the differ-ence between each picture and the one that follows. Each picture (whether in the picture scroll or the movie) is inanimate, a still of arrested motion. When the pictures are seen in time, one after another, they seem to move. That objects and people appear to have motion is secondary; the essential movement is the progress of an idea. A representation of mere motion is not art unless it advances an idea, or is the visual image of original and creative thought. Both the motion picture and the Japanese picture scroll are plastic expressions of ideas, and consequently, though the picture scroll is centuries old, have fundamental techniques in common.
To illustrate, a Japanese picture scroll shows the opposite sides of a battleship simultaneously although the ship is in a position where only one side could actually be seen. By the ordinary laws of perspective, we cannot see the opposite side of an object, so the battleship is drawn twistedly. This is a negation of a monistic visual angle and of common sense. It is the same method as that of Futurism or Cubism.
To let us see both sides of an object from one point of view is to reveal the side which is ordinarily unseen or that we do not expect to see. The one side is 'real' and the other is 'unreal,' so that the unreal side should be considered to exist through the real one, to be predicated upon the real side as probable or neces-sary. It is an imaginative unification of both sides, distorting perspective to express an idea.
Double exposure in the motion picture serves the same pur-pose, allowing us to see both sides of one thing at the same time, or two objects in different places at the same time.
Both the motion picture and the picture scroll have other tech-niques that overcome the physical limitations of the human eye. The motion-picture montage is essentially the same as the un-synchronized revolving method in the picture-scroll drawing, for example, and the cutback also has its counterpart in the scroll. In the picture scroll and the motion picture we can see the living conditions of a man in the city and his lover in the country synchronously, alternately, and in parallel. Obviously, what we see in the scroll exists only in our minds; but the same is true of the motion picture, even though it shows us real objects and people and places. It is not because they are often part of an imagined story. A newsreel montage of London, Tokyo, and New York shows us real cities, but to see New York one moment and Tokyo the next is inconsistent with reality, and demands that we accept a negation of time and space. In a sense, then, double exposure, montage, and cutback are techniques which transform reality into idea.
What we actually see in a motion picture or a picture scroll is the visualization of an idea. It does not matter whether individual shots and drawings are literal representations if they help to reveal the idea. For example, the Fukinukiyakata (no-roof-house-picture) in the picture scroll allows us to look down from above on a roofless house with the interior plainly visible. In the real world, houses are roofed, but in the world of the picture scroll we accept the roofless house as real. In fact, in our imagination, the house is roofed, but we are able to see through it. Similarly, in the motion picture, we may view a room full of people from above, as in The Merry Widow (1934), in which a ballroom scene is photographed from the chandelier. In our imaginations, it is not the camera but we, ourselves, who view this scene from above. Only in the imagination can one stride over the mountain or fly over the fields quite freely, as in the picture scroll of Shigisan Temple, or in the many modern motion pictures in which we see objects from all angles. The camera, too, lets us fly over fields.
The distortion
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日本艺术和动画片
T Imamura,《Quarterly of Film Radio amp; Television》 , 1953 , 7 (3) :217-222
太平IMAMURA是日本领先的电影评论家之一,他撰写了许多关于电影的社会和美学方面的书籍,并编辑了日本唯一的电影杂志Eiga Bunka(电影文化)。以下文章由鹤冈富一先生从日文翻译而来,将作为今村先生关于动画漫画的一章出现。除了美国以外,动画片的漫画还没有取得什么进展,但迪士尼电影的受欢迎程度只有卓别林的影片才具有普遍的吸引力,因此有理由希望在动画领域有世界性的发展,每个国家使动画技术适应自己的艺术传统。
不幸的是,尽管日本的艺术过去以其独特性而闻名,但日本动画并不像美国那样独特。古代日本艺术可能是一个不太发达的社会的艺术,但这并不意味着应该放弃日本式的动画。无论我们喜欢与否,传统艺术必须成为真正日本动画的基础。新形式的创意无法通过忽视过去来实现,因为动画片和其他现代艺术形式一样,是过去的继承发展。S. M. Eisenstein指出日本古代艺术的特征与动画片的特征密切相关,并采用类似的方法。被认为是图画故事的日本图画卷实际上是动画片的一个遥远的先行者,它是第一次用图片中的时间元素讲故事的尝试。动画片和图片卷的主要区别在于卷轴中的单个图片不会移动。另一方面,电影的单帧也没有。这两种形式的运动幻觉都会导致每幅图片与后面的图片之间的差异。每张照片(无论是在照片卷轴还是电影中)都不是运动的,仍然是被捕捉到的动作。
当照片被人们看到是,他们似乎在移动。那些物体和人似乎有动作是次要的;基本运动是一个想法的进展。让照片运动的表现不是艺术,直到它提出了一个想法,或者是原创和创造性思维的视觉形象。电影和日本的图片都是塑料表达的想法,因此,虽然图片卷轴已有数百年历史,但具有共同的基本技术。 为了说明这一点,日本的图画卷轴同时显示了战列舰的两侧,尽管船只处于只能看到一侧的位置。按照普通的视角法则,我们看不到物体的另一面,所以战舰是扭曲的。这是对一元视角和常识的否定。这与未来主义或立体派的方法是一样的。
让我们从一个角度看待对象的两面是揭示通常看不见的或我们不期望看到的一面。一方是“真实的”,另一方是“不真实的”,所以不真实的一面应该被认为是通过真实的一面存在的,以真实的一面为可能的或必要的。这是双方富有想象力的统一,扭曲了表达观念的视角。 电影中的二次曝光具有相同的目的,使我们能够同时看到一个物体的两面,或同时看到不同位置的两个物体。
电影和图片都有其他克服人眼物理限制的技术。例如,电影蒙太奇与图片卷轴图中的非同步旋转方法基本相同,并且缩减也在卷轴中具有其对应物。在画卷和电影中,我们可以同时,交替和平行地看到城市中男子和他的情人的生活状况。很显然,我们在书中看到的只存在于我们的脑海中;但电影也是如此,尽管它向我们展示了真实的物体,人物和地点。这不是因为他们经常是想象故事的一部分。伦敦,东京和纽约的新闻片蒙太奇向我们展示了真实的城市,但是看到纽约和东京,下一个与现实不符,并且要求我们接受对时间和空间的否定。因此,从某种意义上说,双重曝光,蒙太奇和缩减是将现实转化为想法的技术。 我们在电影或图片卷轴中实际看到的是想法的可视化。如果个人镜头和素描有助于揭示这个想法,那么它们是否是文字表征并不重要。例如,图片卷轴中的Fukinukiyakata(无屋顶图片)可以让我们从上面俯瞰无屋顶的房子,内部清晰可见。在现实世界中,房屋是屋顶的,但在画卷的世界里,我们接受无屋顶的房屋是真实的。事实上,在我们的想象中,房子是屋顶的,但我们能够看穿它。同样,在电影中,我们可以从上面看到一个充满了人的房间,就像在《风流寡妇》(The Merry Widow,1934)中那样,从吊灯上拍摄舞厅场景。在我们的想象中,它不是相机,而是我们自己,从上面观看这个场景。只有在想象中,人们才能够很自由地跨越山峰或飞越田野,就像在日本三宫寺的画卷中,或者在我们从各个角度看到物体的许多现代电影中那样。相机也可以让我们飞越田野。
在图片卷轴中,现实的失真更加明显,因为它经常变成一种视角扭曲。例如,为了达到类似于电影特写的效果,图片卷轴艺术家与周围的物体相比,画出了一些非常大的数字。最好的例子是在《Shigisan-Engi》看到的山间草庵和在《Egaratenjin-Emaki》峰会上祈祷的人物。透视被故意忽视,数字显得过于沉重,以致眼睛被最重要的眼睛所吸引;人类的形象逐渐变得比山脉更大,最终看起来并不比小型花园那么大。
画卷和电影使用类似的技术并非偶然。两者都必须是动态的,以便一时一个地发展故事,吸引并保持观众对图片后图片的兴趣。举例来说,《Bandainagon Ekotaba》图片卷轴上打开一张男人来来往往的照片。他们皱眉,哭泣,挥手,指向某事。更多的男人出现,兴奋增加。我们看到一扇大门,喧嚣达到高潮。一些人群爬上石头篱笆。突然间,穿过大门,出现了黑烟,并对一长串人群起火。下一刻,我们看到敞开的大门正在燃烧。
火灾现场的快节奏有助于创造人们冲动的印象,而更重要的是,加快故事发展到高潮。大多数美国电影都是通过在开幕式场景中直接而迅速的剧情发展来吸引观众的兴趣。
在情节的进一步发展中,图片滚动使用了类似于电影蒙太奇的技术。这个动作被缩短了,几个场景的高潮连续出现。有时候这种缩写技术用来显示时间的流逝,就像在圣艾普画报中,在行动图片之间的一张图片中,流水流和蒲苇在风中摇曳,表明时间。下一张照片显示了一位躺在死亡床上的牧师被悲伤的人包围着。下一张照片只显示圣人的脸上覆盖着一块白布。他已经死了。
显而易见的是,日本图片卷轴和现代电影的某些方面有很强的相似之处。日本动画应该在现代媒体中使用它从过去继承的传统。日本动画从图片卷轴中可以学到的最重要的事情就是它使用了想象力。卷轴从落后的封建日本出来;在这种压迫下,人们通常会在想象中而不是现实中找到释放。当照片卷轴呈现出真实的场景,就好象从上面看时那样,它暗含了一种天体观点,表达了应该在超自然世界中寻求拯救的想法。压迫越重,越多的人逃到这样的救赎中,并且生活在他们的想象力。
然而,即使在最有想象力的卷轴上,对生活现实的关注也表现出来。想象力不一定会让我们忘记现实,但可以激发我们对它们的认识。这些图像在想象力方面也优于现实主义。
其中包括《Choju Giga Zukan》(鸟兽图画卷),《Gaki-Zoshi》(饥饿鬼子的故事书)和《Hyakki-Yako-Zu-Emaki》(混乱的画卷)。 《Choju Giga Zukan》中的动物在解剖学上是正确的,但是通过显示老鼠穿着满身礼服和穿着红色裙子的青蛙莲花叶在他们的手中,描绘了在一千年前的平安时代结束时的贵族和神职人员的腐败生活状况,等等。
《Gaki-Zoshi》的照片不仅代表四百年前饿死了镰仓时代的恶魔,而且还代表了饥饿的人。这群可恶的恶魔,他们的手和脚瘦的像枯死的树枝,。他们吃得越多,他们就越饥饿;他们喝得越多,他们就越渴。他们本身就是贪婪,他们只懂得吃喝地吃喝。他们掌握每一件肮脏的事情。因为每个人都认识到这些丑陋的魔鬼隐藏在他的灵魂中,所以即使是现在,这些幽灵般的场景也让我们感到恐惧。这里描绘的是一个虚幻的世界的恶魔所带来的真正的恶习。
《Hyakki-Yako-Zu-Emaki》是十八世纪和十九世纪德川时代的漫画。在卷轴开始时,我们看到一只大蟾蜍将手推车拖到盛宴。老鼠指着前方。另外两个人,拿着一张经书台,站在任何一边。在购物车的前方,一个长鼻妖精的脸正在偷窥;从它的后窗,一个月亮面对的女人正在面带微笑。在她那夸张地分开的眉毛下,是新月形的眼睛和一个饺子状的鼻子,贴在平坦的脸上,仿佛被风吹向了那里。画家通过从窗口中显示这个非常不平衡的脸部而获得邪恶的效果。后来,在狂欢的场景中,器具被人格化。有脸和手的混合烛台,有眼睛和鼻子的铃铛,吹口哨的酒杯,以及栅栏柱的跳舞上衣,围绕着长鼻妖精和月亮女人。一只戴着眼睛的斧头穿上盔甲,朝着一棵正在举起双手的死树前进,即将逃跑。通过这些场景,这幅画卷描述了封建主义君主的自我满足感,他的守护者的无知以及他们的腐败生活状况。场景充满乐趣而非神秘,但我们根本没有发现任何幽默。图片的绘制风格与内容相对应;没有直线,只有表现成熟和分解的线条。通过富有想象力的呈现,使生活条件和封建氛围更真实地呈现出来。
当现代日本动画用这种想象力描绘人的真实内心感受和欲望时,它将成为一种更高阶的艺术。
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