通过能控制的裁剪方法来降低OFDM 系统的PAPR外文翻译资料

 2022-12-04 15:36:26

OFDM PAPR Reduction Using Clipping with Distortion Control

Shang-Kang Deng

Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering

National Taiwan University

Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Email: d88942008@ntu.edu.tw

Mao-Chao Lindagger;

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Taiwan University

Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Email: mclin@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw

Abstract— We propose a new PAPR reduction scheme for OFDM systems. The idea is to reduce PAPR and control clipping distortion simultaneously. The procedure includes setting a proper distortion bound and recursive operations of clipping, filtering and distortion control. The proposed scheme can achieve significant PAPR reduction while maintaining low error rate. For this scheme, PAPR reduction is obtained without any redundancy and no side information is needed in the OFDM receiver. Hence, OFDM systems using this scheme do not pay the price of the reduction of transmission rate or reliability for achieving PAPR reduction.

Keywords— PAPR, recursive clipping and filtering, OFDM

1.INTRODUCTION

OFDM is a multicarrier modulation technique for broadband communication, the advantage of which includes the strong immunity to multipath fading, high spectral efficiency and easy compensation for frequency-selective channel [1]. However, a major disadvantage of OFDM is the inherent high peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR) due to its approximately Gaussian distributed waveform generated by the summation of many subcarrier-modulated signals.

An OFDM system with high PAPR requires a large dynamic range for the power amplifier of the transmitter. Alternatively, power back-off in the amplifier can be used [2]. To avoid operating the amplifiers with large back-off, we must allow occasional saturation of power amplifiers or clipping the signal before feeding to the amplifier. Such arrangement will cause signal distortion and power spectral expansion [2], [3], [4]. Many PAPR reduction methods have been proposed. Some methods are designed based on employing redundancy, such as coding [4], [5], selective mapping with explicit or implicit side information [6], [7], [8], or tone reservation [9], [10]. An apparent effect of using redundancy for PAPR reduction is the reduced transmission rate. PAPR reduction may also be achieved by using extended signal constellation, such as tone injection [9], [11] or multi-amplitude CPM [12]. The associated drawback is the increased power and implementation complexity. A simple PAPR reduction method can be achieved by clipping the time-domain OFDM signal [2], [13], [14], [15]. The resultant problem is the high out-of-band spectral density. If the out-of-band signal is filtered off, the reduced PAPR of the clipped signal will regrow [9], [14], [15]. By repeating dagger;Corresponding author Dagger;This work was supported by National Science Council of R.O.C under grant NSC 92-2213-E-002-075 the same procedure several times, both low PAPR and low out-of-band spectral density can be achieved in [16]. Such a method is called recursive clipping and filtering (RCF) in this paper. However, there is still one problem. As the number of recursion increases, although the out-of-band spectral density and the probability of the occurrence of high PAPR decrease, the error rate will increase. The increased error rate is due to the increase of in-band distortion(clipping noise) [2], [16]. With this observation, in this paper, we propose a scheme called recursive clipping and filtering with bounded distortion (RCFBD) to achieve PAPR reduction. Similar to [14], [15], [16], the idea of oversampled digital clipping in the time-domain and removing out-of-band components in the frequency domain is used, but the additional constraint on inband distortion of each tone(subcarrier) is applied during the recursive process. In this way, significant PAPR reduction can be achieved without the penalty of the increased error rate. In section II, some basics about OFDM, PAPR reduction, and the operation of RCF are provided. Section III describes the system model. Section IV describes the proposed RCFBD. Complexity evaluation is given in section V. Section VI describes the simulation results. Conclusions are given in section VII.

II. SOME BASICS

Consider an OFDM system with N subcarriers. Each OFDM block(OFDM symbol), s(t), 0 le; t le; T, consists of N complex baseband data X0, X1, ··· , XNminus;1 carried on the N subcarriers respectively for a symbol period of T. The OFDM symbol s(t) is

where ∆f = 1/T is the subcarrier spacing and Xk is the complex baseband data modulating the k-th subcarrier for s(t). For the OFDM symbol s(t), the peak instantaneous power is

An OFDM symbol sequence can be represented by ··· , s(t), s(t T), ··· , s(t mT), ···. We define the average power of the OFDM symbol sequence following the approach in [15], [17] as follows

where E[|Xk| 2] is the expected value of |Xk| 2. The peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM symbol s(t) is

OFDM systems are usually implemented by discrete Fourier transform(DFT). Consider the OFDM signal of (1) sampled at time instant n∆t, the associated discrete-time output is s[n] = s(n∆t). When the signal is sampled by interval ∆t = T /LN, where L is the oversampling factor (OSF). The associated discrete-time output becomes

The oversampled signal can be obtained by padding LN minus;N zeros in the frequency domain and taking the LN-point inverse discrete Fourier transform(IDFT). The symbol-wise peak power definition in (2) can be approximated by Pmax(s(t))asymp; max0le;nlt;LN | sL[n]|2 for a large enough L.

To alleviate the problem of the occasional occurrence of symbols with high PAPR, many methods have been proposed. Among them, oversampled digital clipping and filtering [14], [15

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通过能控制的裁剪方法来降低OFDM 系统的PAPR

Shang-Kang Deng

Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering

National Taiwan University

Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Email: d88942008@ntu.edu.tw

Mao-Chao Lindagger;

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Taiwan University

Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Email: mclin@cc.ee.ntu.edu.t

概述:我们提出一种新的降低OFDM系统峰均比的方案,该想法是降低峰均比并控制幅度,该程序包括设置绑定适当变形和建材、滤波即变形控制的递归操作。理想中该方法可以显著的降低峰均比,同时保持较低的误码率。该降低PAPR的方法不会产生冗余,并且对于接受机没有特别要求,因此可知,该方法不会以降低传输速率或可靠性为代价来降低PAPR。

关键词:PAPR,限幅过滤器,OFDM

  1. 介绍

OFDM是一种以多载波调制技术核心的宽带通信,其优点包括能抵抗多径衰落的干扰,频谱利用率高,能在选择性信道上的频率选择进行补偿。然而OFDM的主要缺点是峰均比(PAPR)过高,因为是多载波调制信号的总和,所以会产生这个问题。

PAPR较高的OFDM系统中,发射机的功率放大器需要一个比较大的动态范围。所以功率放大器中会有大量的功率被浪费,我们必须使信号在进过放大器之前剪裁至不超过放大器上限,但这样做会导致信号失真和频外辐射,很多类似的方法都有被提出过。也有一些方法是基于一定冗余,比如编码类方式,选择映射法等,需要一定辅助信息来完成。如果通过加入冗余信息来降低PAPR的话,传输速率会大大减低。也可以通过使用扩展的信号星座图,比如CPM,但其缺点是会增加一定冗余和实现的复杂程度,一种简单的降低PAPR的方法就是通过剪裁OFDM的时域信号,由此产生的问题就是会产生带外辐射,如果将带外辐射过滤掉,将不能还原剪裁后的信号。通过重复相同的剪裁过程几次,峰均比和带外谱密度会变成图16中的样子,这种方式称为递归裁剪法(RCF)。然而,仍然会产生问题,当递归次数增加,虽然带外辐射的影响降低了,PAPR过高的可能性也明显降低了,但是这会导致误码率的增加,我们建议平衡剪裁次数和失真容限来达到最佳效果,我们称之为RCFBD,这样就能达到降低PAPR的效果。就像文献14,15,16中得出的,通过数字滤波器在时域和频域中过滤掉冗余,但是要对处理过程中对带内失真的幅度作出一定的附加约束。这种方式下,能显著降低PAPR并且不会造成误码率性能的大幅度损失,在第二章中,将会介绍关于OFDM,降低PAPR和滤波器使用的一些基础知识,第三章将会描述整个系统模型,第四章介绍本文将提出的RCFBD,第五章,提供结果,第七章得出结论。

2一些基础知识

假设一个N个载波的OFDM系统,每一个OFDM信号,即从0到T的信号S(t)是由N有带有基带信号的数据叠加而成,分别为X1,X2,hellip; hellip;Xn,OFDM信号的公式表示为:

在 ∆f = 1/T 为子载波间隔,Xk 是复杂的基带数据调制为 s (t) 第 k 个副载波。对于 s (t) OFDM 符号,瞬时功率峰值是:

OFDM的序列可以表示为hellip;hellip;s(t),s(t T),hellip;hellip;s(t nT)hellip;hellip;。我们通过如下的公式来定义OFDM符号序列的平均功率:

这里的E{|Xk|2}指的是时域信号的平方的平均值,信号S(t)的峰值和平均功率比值(PAPR)为:

OFDM系统通常由DFT(离散傅里叶变换)实现,假设,将OFDM信号在时域上进行即时采样,对应的离散事件输出是s(n)=s(n∆t).当信号进行采样间隔为∆t = T /LN的采样,L为过采样因子(OSF),对应的离散是假输出变成了:

取样的信号可以通过填充LN-N个离散信号来提高采样率,可以通过在频域中加入零信号来实现,宽频信号的峰值功率的函数可以近似的表示为Pmax(s(t)) asymp; max0le;n lt; LN,并且保证L足够大。

为了减轻高PAPR的信号所造成的问题,人们提出了很多方法,其中,对数字信号进行裁剪是一种简单有效的的方法,其剪裁和滤波的的基本操作如图一所示,将复杂的基带数据(X0,X1,X2,X3hellip;hellip;Xn-1)作为输入,通过N点的IDFT调制为时域数据,在通过软限幅模型进行剪裁,其输入和输出的软件限幅器模型是不同的

输入:

输出:

其中A是剪裁阈值,然后将输入信号转换为通过过采样,用LN个点来表示N频域的信号的数据,即:

滤波器删除了带外部分,并且得到了(X1,X2,X3hellip;hellip;).在经过滤波操作后,时域信号变成了:

这表明了峰均比过高的问题将会再次出现,这意味着峰值功率将会再一次的变得比平均值高很多,而信号的基带平均功率将会变成:

这样,平均功率将会因为剪裁和滤波的操作而低于原始信号。由于单次的OCF操作会引发另外一个问题,所以假设通过重复多次的OCF操作开降低单个信号的峰值功率,我们称这种方法为递归裁剪法(RCF).

3.系统模型

在本文中,假设的系统模型包括两个剪裁过程,第一个用于降低PAPR被称之为预剪裁,其剪裁的阈值设置为A,第二个通过模拟环境,用非线性的软件限幅(参考文件6和7)第二个剪裁称为电源安培剪裁(PA剪裁)或恢复,其中阈值定义为Aa,我们也使用两个过才呀那个因子,分别为L和La,L设定为两倍,在预剪裁中使用,它可以实现有效的PAPR的降低并且实现的复杂程度较低,相比于L大于2,La=4。L和La用来近似模拟信号和用于本文中滤波器的非线性的过程。尽管,更大的La值可以达到一个更加精准的效果,但是La=4是一个比较常用的用于降低PAPR的值。

OFDM系统的峰均比值降低的技术的效果可以通过互补累计积分函数(CCDF)误码率,和带外辐射来衡量,信号的峰值功率和平均功率会应为降低技术的不同而产生不同,假设载波数为128的OFDM系统有统一的平均功率,即E[|Xk|2]=1,k=1 ,bull;bull;bull;,128.使用RCF方案的仿真结果,包括功率峰值的CCDF和误码率和带外辐射,在表格2,3,4种将会表现出来,基带调制选用的是16QAM调制,其使用的单位为1,2,4,8,用不同的基础单位来验证RCF的效果。在仿真中,A和Aa都被设置为1.4.13,当输出功率为1的时候,能得到3dB的功率降低,这表明了,当递归次数变大时,PSD和PAPR降低,但是误码率上升,所以说由于剪裁次数的上身,其本身会产生一个很大的缺点,那就是信号失真和由此产生的误码率上升,我们将提出一种方法来降低失真。

4递归裁剪和有界失真

有界(BD)的提出来自于对星座图进行有界剪裁,对原有的星座进行一定程度的扭曲,但是当AP滤波器配合小的功率降低,这种畸变不明显的方法将会面临PAPR降低效果的考验。这种星座剪裁的方法是改变所有信道上的信号,通过提前设置每一个信道上的信号来达到降低PAPR的效果,这样的话,还可以将误码率控制在一定范围里。并且有了RCF的支持,我们可以用OCF来决定每一个信道上的信号点在变化后如何还原,之后我们可以严格控制这个方法的变动范围。

在图 5 的虚线框所示,请考虑单个操作的剪裁和滤波与有界的畸变控制 (BD控制) 的计划。这项计划是简单组成的 OCF 操作紧接着 BD 控制操作。输入和输出的 OCF 操作是 (X0,X 1,bull; bull; bull;,XNminus;1) 和 (X0,X1,bull; bull; bull;,circ; circ; circ; XNminus;1) 分别。BD控制的操作有输入 (填写所涉 bull; bull; bull;,X0,X1,circ; circ; XNminus;1) 和输出 (标点符号 X0,X1,标点符号 bull; bull; bull;,标点符号 XNminus;1) 分别,除了参考 (X0,X 1,bull; bull; bull;,XNminus;1) 和失真绑定 delta;。BD控制的目标是调整每个填写所涉 Xk,k = 0,1,bull; bull; bull;,Nminus;1,来自 OCF 操作,以便调整结果值标点符号 Xk 落在由参考信号点 Xk 区域和预设值绑定 delta;。星座大小 M M QAM OFDM 系统正在甚至整数的平方和具有平均能量 1。

5.RCFBD方法的复杂性

每一次RCFBD递归需要一次IFFT(快速傅里叶逆变换),一次数字滤波,一次FFT(快速傅里叶变换)和一个边界控制,一个OSF为L的IIFT和FFT,即有NL点数字信号需要变换,整个过程会有(LN/2)log2(LN)次乘法运算和(LN)log2(LN)次加法运算,一个OSF为L的数字剪裁操作需要LN次乘法操作并且有LN个时间域的采样,然后和剪裁用的阈值进行比较,并且因为需要剪裁的数据只有在必要的时候才会被剪裁,所以信号只会产生一小部分的失真,并且其剪裁所用的计算量和FFT相比可以忽略不计,每一个BD控件会需要2NL次实数的加法运算 。因此,可以知道,由RCFBD每次递归的IFFT/FFT的计算量将粗略估计为,2NL个点的FFT的运算量。在递归的过程中,J将确定RCFBD的的计算复杂程度,一个J点的RCFBD相当于一个2J的FFT操作。

在这篇论文中,我们假设,当J=8的递归操作势必要的并且过在整个降低PAPR的操作中采样因子取2,因此RCFBD-8的计算量和16FFT操作的计算量想当。

6.总结

本文中提出的RCFBD方法能有效降低信号的PAPR并且能保证每个子信道上的信号的失真在可控范围内,这样一个方法能有简化接受及对于消除边界信息的工作需求,与RCF相比RCFBD能够提供更多的可调参数,能更好的降低PAPR,带外辐射,和误码率,仿真结果表明,RCFBD能更好的消除高斯白噪声的影响,并且表现更加稳定,并使PAPR更低,且带外辐射较少。

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