文献综述
Literature Review2.1 Overview of Translation Compensation Theory2.1.1 The Definition of Translation Compensation TheoryTranslation compensation still lacks a relatively uniform and widely accepted definition. Harvey defined it as: Compensation is a technique of recreating a similar effect in the target text by using means specific to the target and/or its text, in order to make up for the loss of the effect of the source text. '(Harvey,1998)Newmark defined it as :This[compensation]is said to occur when loss of meaning,sound effect,metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of the sentence is compensated in another part or in a contiguous sentence.(Newmark,2001)Among the above two definitions, Harveys emphasizes the compensation for aesthetic effect and has a strong generalization of literary text, which basically accords with the actual situation of literary translation compensation. But it is difficult to generalize text types other than literature.In addition, if we take objective description as the benchmark, Harveys definition is not comprehensive in terms of means of compensation. Because the definition refers to the use of 'means unique to the target language and/or its text' to recreate a similar effect. In fact, translators sometimes use linguistic devices other than those specific to the target language.Newmarks definition is specific, but its scope is too narrow, including only four types of compensation, when in reality there are far more than four types of translation loss.2.1.2 The inevitability and Necessity of Translation CompensationIn the process of translation, translation compensation is a necessary method when there is a loss of 'a certain part of the meaning, sound effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect' of a sentence. Translation compensation still lacks a relatively uniform and widely accepted definition.As it is to know,the source language and target language are not completely equivalent,and there are some big differences between the two languages in terms of the vocabulary,syntax ,discourse features and the sound system.Therefore, translation loss inevitably occurs during the translation process.These losses usually exist in semantic meaning,pragmatic effect,aesthetic form,cultural element and other function,the reason for these losses is that the source and target languages contain different cultures,so the importance of translation compensation is reflected at this time.In addition to this,the quality of translators is also a important factor which will greatly affect the quality of the translation,including his translation strategies,knowledge background and understanding to the original text ,etc.Considering the above factors comprehensively, including language meaning, information beyond language meaning, social culture, stylistic characteristics and translators quality, the translator should adopt appropriate compensation strategies to correctly convey information, ideas and cultural content of the source text to the target language readers.2.1.3 The Classification of CompensationHarvey and Higgins divided translation compensation into four categories: conversion compensation, inversion compensation, merger compensation and split compensation.In 'Research on Translation Compensation', Xia Tingde believes that the theory is expanded into eight categories: integrated compensation, discrete compensation, homogeneous compensation, heterogeneous compensation, in situ compensation, ectopic compensation, synchronous compensation and difference compensation.However,the classification of compensation is not limited to the above-mentioned classifications, but also covers other classifications, which can be classified from other perspectives.2.2 Previous Studies at Home and BroadMany researchers and scholars have done researches on the translation of Moment in Peking,there are many essays paying attention to the whole translation.For example,these essays usually place emphasis on the comparison of two versions of the translation.Most essays research the translation from the perspective of translators subjectivity（Hou,2015）.Hou makes a comparison between Zhang zhenyus and Yu Feis versions.Due to the translators personal experiences ,educational background and ages,the translation works may also have some differences.Zhang zhenyu is come from Taiwan,so he made some mistakes when he translated the novel,however,Yu Fei was born in the same times when the author grew up, so he can translate the Chinese culture more appropriately.Moreover, Songs essay(2013) make a comparison from the perspective of Norms Theory,and he made an analysis on how different translation norms affect the translation process.Generally speaking,at present, there have been many translation studies on this novel in China, but the culture-loaded words have only become popular in recent ten years.According to the authors collections,these essays ,Wangs(2014),Durens(2015),Lis(2017),Shis(2020),all make researches on the Zhang zhenyus translation of culture-loaded words from different perspectives.Wang(2014) made an analysis on the translation from the perspective of Cultural Translation Theory,and finally concluded that theres some close connection between language,culture and translation,hence culture is very important to translation,and Susan Bassnetts Cultural Theory is very significant for researching the translation of Culture-loaded words.In addition to this, Shi(2020) also made research on the translation of culture-loaded words from the perspective of Cultural Translation Theory,but the difference is that Shi made a research on the original book,and in Shis paper,Shi studied many translation strategies used by Lin yutang in translating the Chinese culture-loaded words into English,moreover,Shi also confirmed the theoretical effect of this theory on the translation of culture- loaded words through this research. And Duren(2015)also make a research on the original book from perspective of Semantic and Communicative Translation.Duren analyzed these culture-loaded words from 3 dimensions,which are respectively historical culture-loaded words,traditional culture-loaded words and cultural specific expression.After analysis, Duren concluded that Lin Yutang mainly adopted the conversion methods of 'literal translation', 'free translation', 'transliteration', 'substitution', 'literal translation plus explanation', 'transliteration plus explanation' and 'transliteration plus literal translation'. Finally,Duren categorized the above translation methods and concluded that during the creation of Moment in Peking, Lin Yutang mainly adopted semantic translation strategies to convert culture-loaded words, supplemented by communicative translation strategies when necessary. Li(2017) researched the translation from the perspective of Cultural Default Compensation.Li also emphasized in this essay that there are two main types of cultural defaults: One is that the author and his intended readers have a common cultural,therefore, the author will omit some information in the text that he thinks is unnecessary, which will cause the intended readers to have difficulty in understanding or misreading;and second, in cross-language and cross-cultural communication, cultural defaults will have vacuum meaning for language readers.Zhang Zhenyus translation obviously has the first situation.Except for the translation study of culture-loaded words, it is founded that most scholars research angle revolves around the aspect of cultural-related translation theory, and rarely mentions the aspect of Translation Compensation Theory.According to the authors collection,there are 2 essays about the Translation Compensation Theory,Xias(2004) and Ouyangs(2016). Xias essay conducts a comprehensive and systematic study of translation compensation, demonstrating the inevitability of translation loss, the necessity of compensation and the possibility of functional compensation.In addition to this,Xia also expounded the research on traditional Chinese and western translation theories and translation compensation, and from the linguistic level and the aesthetic level to study and analyze the translation compensation problems.The findings suggest that translation loss is inevitable due to inherent differences in language and culture and the resulting untranslatability. Losses can occur at every stage and level of the translation process, but this untranslatability is mostly superficial, morphological, and local.There are isomorphisms and commonalities in the deep and functional situations of different languages. Through the commonalities of deep and functional languages, language forms with the same function but different shapes can be found to compensate for the loss of surface and shape.Ouyang also discussed and studied translation compensation theory from different levels, namely linguistic level, cultural level and aesthetic level.In addition to this,Ouyang also explored some translation compensation strategies.By making a research on Hakkas and Hakka Culture，it is found that there is no absolute equivalence between the original language and the target one with regard to referential meaning and associative meaning, as well as the sentence structure, pragmatic function, aesthetic form and its function. Therefore, we must recognize that it is hardly possible to produce a complete equivalence through translation.Besides, no two nations share the same culture, which can result in losses and even distortion. Whats more, the quality of the initiators is a main factor which will greatly affect the process of translation, covering his translation purposes, translation skills ,understanding to the original text,knowledge background.2.3SummaryFrom the literature review above,there is no doubt that scholars at home and abroad have accumulated some relevant explanations and cognition on translation theory.At the same time,it is also applied to translation practice intentionally or unintentionally by translators.However, no consensus has been reached on the nature,strategies and principles of translation compensation,nor has a complete relevant system been formed.For the authors of this report, compensation is an essential tool in the translation process and a compromise to balance the differences between the two languages. The text type, stylistic features and translation purpose should be considered as a reference for compensation.
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