Vehicle as a Resource (VaaR)

Sherin Abdelhamid, Hossam S. Hassanein, and Glen Takahara

Abstract

W

Intelligent vehicles are considered key enablers for intelligent transportation systems. They are equipped with resources/components to enable services for vehicle occupants, other vehicles on the road, and third-party recipients. In-vehicle sensors, communication modules, and on-board units with computing and storage capabilities allow the intelligent vehicle to work as a mobile service provider of sensing, data storage, computing, cloud, data relaying, infotainment, and localization services. In this article we introduce the concept of Vehicle as a Resource and shed light on the services a vehicle can potentially provide on the road or parked. We anticipate that an intelligent vehicle can be a significant service provider in a variety of situations, including emergency scenarios.

ith high demand for reducing the number of vehicular fatalities and enhancing ITS applications and services, many newly manufactured vehicles will be equipped with components that will classify them as lsquo;intelligent vehiclesrsquo;. Such components include sensors and actuators with intra-vehicle communication, and electronic control units (ECUs) for processing and operation control. Vehicles will be equipped with a wireless communication module for supporting three types of communication:

• Between vehicles, known as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) com-munication.
• Between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I and I2V).
• Between vehicles and any neighboring object (V2X).In addition, an on-board unit (OBU) will be integrated in each vehicle for interaction with drivers, displaying warnings, issuing alerts, offering automotive services/infotainment, and managing the communication with a vehiclersquo;s surroundings. Powerful OBUs can be considered in-vehicle PCs that can handle computing tasks supported by abundant storage capabilities. Although currently partially available in some luxury models, the availability of such components will be expanded to most vehicles in the near future. Pivotal components are shown in Fig. 1.

With these components a vehicle can be considered a mobile resource for many services such as sensing, data relaying and storage, computing, cloud, infotainment, and localization. We introduce the concept of Vehicle as a Resource (VaaR), which focuses on such vehicular potential. The VaaR vision is stimulated by the ubiquity of vehicles (with predictable mobility patterns) and the vehicular resources that are readily available. The abundance of such on-board resources distinguishes the use of a vehicle as a resource from other mobile resource providers, viz. smartphones, which suffer from limited resources and lack of trajectory prediction. We anticipate that a vehicle will be a mobile provider for diversified resources currently unimagined and will be a key enabler for the revolution of the Internet of Things (IoT). Vehicles on a road or at a parking

The authors are with Queenrsquo;s University.

lot with idle resources and capabilities can cooperatively form a powerful resource for services that can benefit a wide range of service domains.

Another enabler of VaaR is the availability of a multiplicity of wireless communication technologies for communication between a vehicle and its surroundings. One such technology specifically introduced for vehicular use is the Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) technology, which is based on the IEEE 802.11p standard and Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). Another is the Communication Access for Land Mobiles (CALM) standard. CALM will support an integrated communication unit that provides many air interfaces that include 2G/3G cellular, infrared, millimeter-wave, mobile wireless broadband (HC-SDMA, 802.16e [WIMAX/WiBro] and 802.20), satellite, and DSRC. In addition, some Zigbee communication modules are designed to support vehicular communication. Also, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is now attracting increasing interest, and many systems have been proposed for the vehicular environment. Having such technologies available in a vehicle will provide flexible communication with its surroundings regardless of the type of air interface available.

In this article we delineate the diversified resources a vehicle can provide as instances of VaaR. We also elaborate on how these resources can be tapped into and pooled for performing certain tasks or providing certain services. In addition, for each resource we highlight some potential applications/services that become feasible with the aid of using a vehicle as a provider for this resource. We focus on the services provided by the vehicle to other vehicles and third parties, as these have the greatest potential for widely expanded benefits. We will also discuss some prominent challenges that face the wide adoption of VaaR.

The remainder of the article is organized as follows. In the next section we introduce the VaaR concept and present the different resources a vehicle can provide in discussing the various instances of VaaR. Illustrative scenarios that show the benefit and applicability of VaaR are discussed after that. Then we discuss challenges that may face the widespread use of VaaR and can be considered open points for research. The final section concludes the article.

0890-8044/15/$25.00 copy; 2015 IEEE

Figure 1. In-vehicle components shaping the intelligent vehicle.

Vehicle as a Resource (VaaR)

VaaR-Sensing

According to the automotive sensors market growth in North America, the average number of sensors per vehicle reached 70 in 2013 [1], with as many as 100 in some luxury vehicles. A vehicle can

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原文

Vehicle as a Resource (VaaR)

Sherin Abdelhamid, Hossam S. Hassanein, and Glen Takahara

Abstract

Intelligent vehicles are considered key enablers for intelligent transportation systems. They are equipped with resources/components to enable services for vehicle occupants, other vehicles on the road, and third-party recipients. In-vehicle sensors, communication modules, and on-board units with computing and storage capabilities allow the intelligent vehicle to work as a mobile service provider of sensing, data storage, computing, cloud, data relaying, infotainment, and localization services. In this article we introduce the concept of Vehicle as a Resource and shed light on the services a vehicle can potentially provide on the road or parked. We anticipate that an intelligent vehicle can be a significant service provider in a variety of situations, including emergency scenarios.

With high demand for reducing the number of vehicular fatalities and enhancing ITS applications and services, many newly manufactured vehicles will be equipped with components that will classify them as lsquo;intelligent vehiclesrsquo;. Such components include sensors and actuators with intra-vehicle communication, and electronic control units (ECUs) for processing and operation control. Vehicles will be equipped with a wireless communication module for supporting three types of communication:

• Between vehicles, known as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) com-munication.
• Between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I and I2V).
• Between vehicles and any neighboring object (V2X).In addition, an on-board unit (OBU) will be integrated in each vehicle for interaction with drivers, displaying warnings, issuing alerts, offering automotive services/infotainment, and managing the communication with a vehiclersquo;s surroundings. Powerful OBUs can be considered in-vehicle PCs that can handle computing tasks supported by abundant storage capabilities. Although currently partially available in some luxury models, the availability of such components will be expanded to most vehicles in the near future. Pivotal components are shown in Fig. 1.

With these components a vehicle can be considered a mobile resource for many services such as sensing, data relaying and storage, computing, cloud, infotainment, and localization. We introduce the concept of Vehicle as a Resource (VaaR), which focuses on such vehicular potential. The VaaR vision is stimulated by the ubiquity of vehicles (with predictable mobility patterns) and the vehicular resources that are readily available. The abundance of such on-board resources distinguishes the use of a vehicle as a resource from other mobile resource providers, viz. smartphones, which suffer from limited resources and lack of trajectory prediction. We anticipate that a vehicle will be a mobile provider for diversified resources currently unimagined and will be a key enabler for the revolution of the Internet of Things (IoT). Vehicles on a road or at a parking

The authors are with Queenrsquo;s University.

lot with idle resources and capabilities can cooperatively form a powerful resource for services that can benefit a wide range of service domains.

Another enabler of VaaR is the availability of a multiplicity of wireless communication technologies for communication between a vehicle and its surroundings. One such technology specifically introduced for vehicular use is the Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) technology, which is based on the IEEE 802.11p standard and Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). Another is the Communication Access for Land Mobiles (CALM) standard. CALM will support an integrated communication unit that provides many air interfaces that include 2G/3G cellular, infrared, millimeter-wave, mobile wireless broadband (HC-SDMA, 802.16e [WIMAX/WiBro] and 802.20), satellite, and DSRC. In addition, some Zigbee communication modules are designed to support vehicular communication. Also, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is now attracting increasing interest, and many systems have been proposed for the vehicular environment. Having such technologies available in a vehicle will provide flexible communication with its surroundings regardless of the type of air interface available.

In this article we delineate the diversified resources a vehicle can provide as instances of VaaR. We also elaborate on how these resources can be tapped into and pooled for performing certain tasks or providing certain services. In addition, for each resource we highlight some potential applications/services that become feasible with the aid of using a vehicle as a provider for this resource. We focus on the services provided by the vehicle to other vehicles and third parties, as these have the greatest potential for widely expanded benefits. We will also discuss some prominent challenges that face the wide adoption of VaaR.

The remainder of the article is organized as follows. In the next section we introduce the VaaR concept and present the different resources a vehicle can provide in discussing the various instances of VaaR. Illustrative scenarios that show the benefit and applicability of VaaR are discussed after that. Then we discuss challenges that may face the widespread use of VaaR and can be considered open points for research. The final section concludes the article.

Figure 1. In-vehicle components shaping the Vehicle as a Resource (VaaR)

VaaR-Sensing

According to the automotive sensors market growth in North America, the average number of sensors per vehicle reached 70 in 2013 [1], with as many as 100 in some luxury vehicles.

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