从接受美学理论看中国古典诗歌翻译中的意境再现外文翻译资料

 2022-12-27 19:56:47

从接受美学理论看中国古典诗歌翻译中的意境再现

原文作者 Zhou Ming-xia, Pan Li-na

单位School of Foreign Languages, Gannan Normal University

摘 要

中国古典诗歌以其独特的情景交融的意境、意象之外的意境、韵外的雅致而著称。本文从接受美学理论的角度,分析了古典诗歌的翻译策略,探讨了中国古典诗歌翻译中保留“不确定性”和满足读者“期待视野”的问题。在翻译中国古典诗歌时,要保持足够的审美空间,充分发挥译者的审美创造力,再现中国古典诗歌的意境。

关键词:接受美学理论,中国诗歌翻译,意境

与现代文学作品不同,中国古典诗歌具有高度的简洁性和深刻性。它要求译者与两种不同的语言、文化和受众进行跨时空的交流。胡应麟曾说过:“古诗之美是对意象的追求”(1979),诗人总是通过各种意象来表达自己的情感。承载着诗人情感的各种意象聚合在一起,创造出诗歌的意境美,这种意境美超越了各种意象的简单总和,表现出诗人超越文字、超越韵律的意义。本文以接受美学理论为基础,分析了中国古典诗歌的翻译策略,为再现中国古典诗歌意境提供参考。

  1. 从接受美学看中国古典诗歌的意境美

1.1中国古典诗歌的意境美

意境是一个与意象相关但高于意象的诗学范畴(王,2005,p。30). 意境也可以理解为具有三重结构的文学意象。第一个层次是由图像组成的,其特点是场景的融合。第二个层面是外在形象,即通过形象的创造来触发读者的想象,使其达到一种境界,这个层面的特征就是虚拟现实的生成;第三个层次是外延,即在前两个层次实现的基础上,我们可以从语言的角度来品味含蓄的意义,从而品味含蓄的意义所带来的魅力。

1.2接受美学理论的未知数与期待观点

接受美学的代表人物沃尔夫冈·伊瑟尔认为,读者作为接受的动力,在阅读过程中起着重要的作用。他指出读者包括“现实读者”和“概念读者”,“概念读者”包括“意向读者”和“隐含读者”。中国学者朱立元经过研究提出了“潜在读者”。事实上,“隐含读者”和“潜在读者”都表明文学本身是一种吸引人的结构,具有不确定性和空白意义,即作品中的“不确定性”,这使得不同的读者在具体化文学时有不同的理解和阐释。翻译也是一种文学文本。翻译本身不能产生独立的意义,而意义的实现应该通过读者对译文的阅读来实现,从而达到翻译的完整完成(穆,1990,p。10). 因此,要再现中国古典诗歌的意境,就必须保持文本的“不确定性”,让译文读者在阅读的同时感受诗歌的意境。

接受美学的另一代表人物汉斯·罗伯特·姚斯提出了期待视野的概念“期待视野”是指读者在阅读作品时,通过文学阅读经验形成的思维定势或先存结构。在接受的过程中,每一位读者都是从自己的生活和文学“期待视野”来看待翻译作品的。不同的期待视野使不同的读者对阅读对象有不同的需求(马,2000,p。49). 因此,在翻译中国古典诗歌时,应充分发挥译者的审美创造力,满足译文读者的“期待视野”,再现中国古典诗歌的意境美。

2.从接受美学角度看中国古典诗歌意境的再现策略

从接受美学的角度看,正如伊瑟尔曾经指出的,阅读必须涉及读者的想象,只有读者积极的、创造性的想象和联想才能使阅读产生愉悦(伊瑟尔,1978)。因此,译诗应与原诗的实际内容和形式保持一定的审美距离。如果距离太近、太直,读者就没有想象和参与的空间。如果距离太远,读者的“期待视野”就无法实现。因此,译者必须在保留原诗含蓄的诗意美和使译文具有可读性之间把握一个适当的程度:既要为译语读者保留足够的审美空间,又要为译语读者创造一个良好的审美环境,同时也要充分发挥译者的审美创造力,充分表达最接近原文的意境,使译文读者的情感共鸣和审美体验最接近原文读者。

    1. 为目的语读者留下足够的审美空间

中国古典诗歌注重文雅美和含蓄美。在翻译过程中,过度的解释和灵活的翻译往往会阻碍艺术美的实现。因此,古典诗歌的翻译应该有一个空白,为译语读者预留足够的审美空间,使读者在阅读过程中具体化文本中的“不确定性”,实现翻译中的意境。

案例 1:

回乐烽前沙似雪,

受降城外月如霜。

不知何处吹芦管,

一夜征人尽望乡。(李益《夜上受降城闻笛》)

译本:

The sand below the border-mountain lies like snow, And the moon like frost beyond the city-wall,

And someone somewhere, playing a flute,

Has made the soldiers homesick all night long. (Bynner, 1929)

在这首诗的前两句中,一个荒凉的边疆之夜展现在读者眼前。诗人使用“月亮”的意象。家乡的月亮是边陲的月亮,但景色不是家乡的景色。译者保留了原诗中的两个静态明喻,也营造了沙漠中的乡愁气氛。原诗第三句唤起读者的听觉体验,使人认为在深沉的静谧中,夜风发出芦苇的哀鸣声,这是第二层次艺术美的体现:环境生在意象之外。译者忠实地翻译这种动态笛子声音,同时也利用空白来给读者想象“笛子声是什么样”。与原诗相比,原诗第四句描写的是芦苇影响人们返乡的愿望,不是想家,不是希望,而是通过人物的情态表现他们的心理,揭示出超越文字的意义,体现出第三层次的艺术美。但拜纳的翻译却指出了“思乡”,把中国诗歌的含蓄美翻译得有点直截了当。然而,保留原诗的“不确定性”更为恰当。最后一句应该翻译成“让士兵们整夜盯着家乡”。这样的处理并不影响读者对“思乡”的平行理解,但更接近原诗的意境,回味无穷。

案例 2:

月落乌啼霜满天,

江枫渔火对愁眠。

(张继《枫桥夜泊》)

译本 1:

While I watch the moon go down, acrow caws through the frost;

Under the shadows of maple-trees afisherman moves with his torch. (Bynner, 1929)

译本 2:

The setting moon, a cawing crow, thefrost filled the sky;

River maples, fisherman flares, andtroubled sleep. (Zhang amp; Wilson, 1991)

张骞名诗《枫桥夜泊》的前两句充满意象:落月、哭啼、满天霜、沿江枫树、渔船的灯光、不眠之客,营造出一种内涵丰富的审美情境。四分之一的月亮升起得很早,到了午夜它已经沉下去了,只在天空中留下一个灰色的影子。树上的乌鸦醒了,因为月亮落山前后光影的变化而啼叫。夜深了,霜凝结了。在黑暗安静的环境中,人对夜凉的感觉变得特别敏锐。“满天霜冻”的描写与山水的真实性不符,因为霜冻在地上,而不是空气,它却完全符合诗人对夜的苦寒的感受,使诗人感到夜的空气中充满了霜冻。整句话唤起了读者无限的想象力。诗的第二句描述了“枫桥夜泊”的特色场景和游客的感受。在夜色朦胧中,河边的树木只能看到模糊的轮廓。透过大雾的河流,有几个“钓鱼灯”的斑点。由于周围环境幽暗,雾气弥漫,景色格外引人入胜。”沿江枫树”和“渔舟之光”,一个静谧的运动与一个黑暗一个光明,沿江与沿江,景色交融得体。然后诗人指出了旅行者。”“不眠之夜”指的是躺在船上悲伤的旅行者。这句话将游人的忧思与景物结合起来,寓意着诗人自己的旅游思想、对家与国的忧愁、对乱世无家可归的忧愁。虽然拜纳的翻译流畅,更符合普通英语语法,但却失去了诗歌的魅力,未能体现出原诗的艺术美。后者采用翻译各种意象的方法,给读者留下足够的想象空间,保留原文的“不确定性”,在结构上更接近原诗,同时完美再现原诗的意境。

    1. 充分发挥译者的审美创造力

意境是诗歌所依附的情感和场景。脱离了场景,感觉就不依附于情境,而脱离了感觉,场景只能成为一个空壳。译者只有充分发挥自己的审美创造力,把握译文读者的“期待视野”,使诗歌真实而富有激情,并保留供读者咀嚼的含蓄效果,才能真正传达出原诗所蕴含的意境与美。

案例 3:

移舟泊烟渚,

日暮客愁新。

野旷天低树,

江清月近人。

(孟浩然《宿建德江》)

译本 1:

I guide boat to mooring by a missy islet,

With the setting sun, a travelersrsquo; sorrows revive.

Wilds so vast,

the sky stoops to the trees;

Theriver so clear, moon close to man. (Kroll, 1981)

译本 2:

Our house boat is moored at a misty islet,

Evening adds more to a travelerrsquo;s plight.

In thewilds, trees are seen as above the skies.

On clearwaters, the moon seems nearer in our sight. (Xu, 1990)

诗人在雾里看花的江边停泊着小船,回忆往事,以景物为归宿,抒发自己的情感,书写自己对旅行的思念之情。这首诗的前两行是情感场景,后两行是借用风景的抒情场景。二者都描绘了清新的秋夜,突出了景物的微妙特征。整首诗内涵丰富,颇具特色。通过对这两个译本的比较,可以看出保罗·克罗尔对前三行的翻译传达了一种运动感,而徐中杰的翻译只是一种静态的描述。与第二行一样,徐静蕾的翻译《夜色更添游人的困境》并没有再现时间的过程和原诗中人物的心理变化。保罗·克罗尔的“with”状语从句准确地再现了这种心理变化的动态过程。在第四排,徐的翻译“在清澈的水面上,月亮在我们的视线中似乎越近,越近”只能表达空间距离。保罗克罗尔翻译成“河流,如此清澈,月亮接近人类”。“亲近”一词不仅指空间距离的亲近,而且指精神上的亲近,传达出“亲近”一词的深层含义近” 在原诗中。而徐静蕾的翻译“如上所见”、“近在咫尺”明确了原诗的含意,很难给读者留下想象的空间。总的来说,保罗·克罗尔的翻译成功地再现了原文含蓄的艺术风格,满足了读者的“期待视野”,传达了原诗所蕴含的艺术美(贺,2007)。

案例 4:

空山不见人,

但闻人语响。

返景入深林,

复照青苔上。

(王维《鹿柴》)

译本:

Empty the hills, no man in sight, Yet voices echo here;

Deep in the woods slanting sunlight Falls on the jade-green moss. (Xu, 2006)

王维的这首诗主要有四个意象:“人”、“声音”、“树林”、“苔藓”。这首诗创造了一个深邃而明亮的象征境界,展现了作者在沉思过程中的启迪。诗中虽有佛教意境,但不诉诸论辩,而是渗透在对自然风光的生动描写中。这首诗的意境非常迷人。”山” 修改者“空” 在原作中描写静谧的意境。在翻译中,“空”被转换成动词来强调山的空与静,这是诗的中心人语响” 是翻译成“回声”,强调山谷的孤独和深度。最后两节中出现的树林和苔藓只有在最偏远的山谷中才能找到。在翻译中,译者保留了原语和译语所接受和认可的文化形象,满足了读者的“期待视野”,从而实现了意境的真实再现。

案例 5:

春蚕到死丝方尽,

蜡炬成灰泪始干。

(李商隐《无题》)

译本:

The silkworm till its death spinssilk from lovesick heart,

The candle but when burnt uphas no tears to shed. (Xu, 2003)

《李商隐》这两行之所以成为戏曲中的名句,是因为作者运用双关修辞,在简洁的意象中传达出丰富而深刻的意义,引起了读者的想象。“这个词”丝” 指丝绸和诗人的相思病。“这个词”泪”指烛台上的眼泪和感伤的眼泪。许渊冲的翻译尽量保留原文中所有的交际线索

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A Study on the Reproduction of Artistic Conception in Translation of Chinese Classical Poetry from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics Theory

原文作者 Zhou Ming-xia, Pan Li-na

单位School of Foreign Languages, Gannan Normal University

Abstract

Chinese classical poetry has long been known for its unique artistic conception of mixture of sentiments and scenery, the conception beyond image and the refinement out of rhyme. From the perspective of reception aesthetics theory, this paper analyzes translation strategies of the classical poetry, probes into the problems that retaining “indeterminacy” and satisfying the readers “horizon of expectations” when translate Chinese classical poetry. It is necessary to keep enough aesthetic space, and to give full play to the translatorrsquo;s aesthetic creativity when translate Chinese classical poetry, so as to reproduce the artistic conception of Chinese classical poetry.

Keywords: reception aesthetics theory, Chinese poetry translation, artistic conception

Unlike modern literary works, Chinese classical poetry is highly concise and profound in meaning. It requires translators to communicate with two different languages, cultures and audiences across time and space. Hu Yinglin once said, “The beauty of ancient poetry is the pursuit of imagery” (1979).The poet always conveys his own feelings through a variety of images. The various images bearing the poetrsquo;s feelings get together to create the artistic conception beauty of poetry, which goes beyond the simple sum of various images to express the poetrsquo;s meaning beyond words and beyond rhyme. Based on the theory of reception aesthetics, this paper analyzes the translation strategies of Chinese classical poetry to give a reference when reproduce the artistic conception of Chinese classical poetry.

The Beauty of Artistic Conception of Chinese Classical Poetry from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics

The Beauty of Artistic Conception of Chinese Classical Poetry

Artistic conception is a poetics category which is related to image but higher than image (Wang, 2005, p. 30). Artistic conception can also be understood as literary images with triple structure. The first level is composed of images, which are characterized by blending of scenes. The second level is the external image,that is, through the creation of images to trigger readersrsquo; imagination, so that it reaches a realm, the characteristics of this level is the virtual reality of the generation; The third level is denotative, that is, based on the realization of the first two levels, we can taste implicit meaning from the perspective of language, so as to taste the charm brought by implicit meaning.

The Undecided Points and Expecting Views of Reception Aesthetics Theory

Wolfgang Iser, the representative figure of reception aesthetics, believes that readers, as the dynamic power of reception, play an important role in the process of reading. He pointed out that readers include “realistic readers” and “conceptual readers”, and “conceptual readers” include “intended readers” and “implied readers”. Chinese scholar Zhu Liyuan put forward “potential readers” after research. In fact, both “implied readers” and “potential readers” indicate that literature itself is an appealing structure, with its uncertainty and blank meaning, that is, the “indeterminacy” in the works, which makes different readers have different understandings and interpretations when they concretized it. Translation is also a literary text. The translation itself cannot produce independent meaning, but the realization of meaning should be materialized through the readersrsquo; reading of the translation, so as to achieve the complete completion of the translation (Mu, 1990, p. 10). Therefore, in order to reproduce the artistic conception of Chinese classical poetry, it is necessary to keep the “indeterminacy” in the text and let the translated readers feel the artistic conception of the poetry while reading.

Hans Robert Jauss, another representative figure of reception aesthetics, put forward the concept of “Horizon of expectations”. “Horizon of expectations” refers to the thinking set or preexisting structure formed by readersrsquo; literary reading experience when reading a work. In the process of receiving, each reader always views the translated works from the perspective of his own life and literary “horizon of expectations”. Different horizons of expectations make different readers have different needs for reading objects (Ma, 2000, p. 49). Therefore, when translating Chinese classical poetry, full play should be gave to the translatorrsquo;s aesthetic creativity to satisfy the “expectation horizon” of the target readers, so as to reproduce the artistic conception beauty of Chinese classical poetry.

Strategies for the Reproduction of Artistic Conception in Chinese Classical Poetry from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics

From the perspective of reception aesthetics, as Iser once pointed out, reading must involve readersrsquo; imagination, and only readersrsquo; active and creative imagination and association can make reading produce pleasure (Iser, 1978). Therefore, there should be an aesthetic distance between the translated poem and the actual content and form of the original poem. If the distance is too close and straight forward, readers donrsquo;t have space for imagination and participation. If it is too far, the readerrsquo;s “horizon of expectations” will not be fulfilled. Therefore, the translator must master a proper degree between retaining the implicit poetic beauty of the original poem and making the translation readable: It should not only reserve enough aesthetic space for the target language readers, but also give full play to the translato

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