REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN AND SOCIAL
POWER IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY CHINA:
THE CASE OF WANG XIFENG
Louise Edwards
Chaos Manifested in Confusing Yin With Yang
From the outset of the novel the reader is aware that Xifeng is an unusual woman. In his analysis of Xifeng, Yu Pingbo notes the repeated comparisons made between her and men. She is often referred to as masculine, or described as being uncomfortable with the rigid gender imperatives of her milieu. Ann Waltner has noted that within Confucian lore “gender confusion is symbolic of larger disorder: it is the blurring of distinctions that make social order possible.” Xifengrsquo;s confused gender can thereby be seen to invoke social disorder.
We read that Xifeng was “brought up from earliest childhood just like a boy, and had acquired the somewhat boyish-sounding name of Wang Xifeng.” As a child she was nicknamed “Brother Feng”(Fengge). The masculinity of her name is a motif brought back to the reader twice again in the novel. The storytellers of chapter 54 offer the tale of a young man called Wang Xifeng who journeys to the capital to sit for the Imperial exams. In chapter 101 the nun who tells Xifengs fortune ominously relates the details of (the scholar) Wang Xifengrsquo;s “return home” from officialdom, thus foreshadowing the imminent end of Xifengrsquo;s (the daughter-in-law) dominance.
Many of Xifengrsquo;s own activities are described as being masculine. In chapter 40 she attempts to punt the boat on the lake at Prospect Garden (without success). In chapter 54 during the New Yearrsquo;s celebrations she consciously takes the male role by acting the “dickey bird,” saying that if the menfolk will not oblige and entertain their parents then she will have to perform this task for them. In the same chapter she boasts to her sister- in-law, Youshi, that she can let off the firecrackers better than the boys. The theme is further enhanced by descriptions of her smoking and drinking heavily. Ling Jiefang regards Xifengrsquo;s religious skepticism as being unusual for her sex, since the practise of cult superstitions WELS a predominantly female pastime (and one that men abhorred). As Xifeng said to the Prioress of Wheatcake Priory, Euergesia, “You know that Irsquo;ve never believed all that talk about hell and damnation.”
Wang Xifengrsquo;s name, upbringing, and behavior all suggest a masculinized woman who would prefer to be a man. Thus we read Xifengrsquo;s statement, “If Irsquo;m a good girl in this life, I might be reborn as a man.rsquo;rsquo; In this way the text has established a contrast with Jia Baoyu, the novelrsquo;s main male protagonist, who is often described as desiring to be reborn a girl. Where Baoyu has always rejected the trappings of masculinity that are associated with careers and power, Xifeng is active in seeking them out.
Juxtaposed with the masculine Xifeng who consciously expresses the preference to be a man is the textrsquo;s elaboration of the negative consequences of such gender bending. Indeed, the cost for her desire to become a man is high. Comments about Xifengs omni-competence are paired with details of how she is crumbling and weak, implying that the desire to become a powerful man is unnatural and unbalanced, and thereby leads Xifeng to illness and madness. Moreover, the novel links the unbalanced yin and yang essences within Xifeng with corporeal abnormalities and irregularities that are specifically related to the female body.
The most prominent symbol of her corporeal and spiritual imbalance is flowing blood. Charlotte Furthrsquo;s work on female blood and a womanrsquo;s gender is instructive for our discussion. Here we read that blood is the ruling aspect in women. Blood served as a dual symbol of femininity—at once emphasizing womanrsquo;s weakness and womanrsquo;s power. Ailments resulting from menstrual irregularity dwelt on womanrsquo;s nature as the “sickly sex,” while blood was also symbolic of the reproductive power of the young fertile woman. Menstrual blood was both highly polluting and representative of a young womanrsquo;s power and, as evidence of its importance, considerable medical attention was given to regularity of the menses.
In Honglou meng Wang Xifengrsquo;s state of health is mentioned several times and it is made clear that she suffered a miscarriage and subsequently endured chronic hemorrhaging with an uncontrolled loss of menstrual blood. In chapter 61 we read that she lost a “man-child” at six or seven months through worry. Later an unceasing dripping of menstrual blood causes Xifeng to become more and more ill. Unable to forgo her household duties, Xifeng supervises the raid on the garden in chapter 74 and this exertion has dire consequences: “ . . . but during the course of the night she was several times obliged to get out of bed, and each time she did so she found she was losing blood. By the time next morning came, she was too weak and dizzy to get up.rsquo;rsquo;
Unwilling to relinquish the power of managing the household, Xifeng is overworked and overstressed. Her trusted servant, Patience, comments that Xifeng will not admit to being ill nor consent to seeing a doctor. ^Surely you know our Mrs. Lian [Xifeng] better than that? Ifs not just calling a doctor or taking some medicine that she objects to. She says therersquo;s nothing wrong with her and that Tm trying to make her ill by talking about it. In spite of feeling so poorly, she still insists on keeping up with everything that goes on in the household. Xifengrsquo;s denial of illness and her refusal to adopt the sickly weaker sex role in these instances is in direct contrast to the more passive acceptance of illness by characters such as Lin Daiyu. This active assertion of dominance, and the continued desire for self-control and control over others, are constructed problematically through the invocation of the symbol of unrestrained, flowing menstrual blood. Andrew Plaks has noted that the connection between Wang Xifeng and
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中国十八世纪妇女与社会权力的代表:王熙凤
路易斯·爱德华兹
阴与阳的混淆
读者从一开始就知道熙凤是一个不寻常的女人。俞平伯在对熙凤的分析中,把她与男人之间进行反复比较。她经常被认为具有男性特质的,或者被描述为对她环境中严格的性别要求感到不舒服。安·华尔特纳指出,在反封建混乱中,性别界限的混淆象征着更大的混乱:界限的区分使社会秩序成为可能。熙凤跨越了性别界限,从而可以引起社会混乱。
我们读到熙凤最早是被当作男孩儿养大的,并起了王熙凤这样有点男性化的名字。作为一个孩子,她被昵称为凤哥。她的名字的男子气质在小说中被提到两次。第54章讲述了一个名叫王熙凤的年轻人的故事,他前往京城参加考试。在101章,道士讲述这个熙凤的厄运的相关细节:王熙凤(学者)从官场“回家”,从而预示即将结束女熙凤在贾府的统治地位。
熙凤自己的许多活动都被描述为男性化的。在第40章中,她试图在大观园的湖上独自游船(没有成功)。在新年庆祝活动的第54章,王熙凤效戏彩斑衣,自觉地扮演男性角色,说如果男人不去让他们的父母开心娱乐,那么她必须为他们执行这个任务。在同一章节中,她向她的嫂子尤氏表示,她比男子更会放鞭炮。她的吸烟和喝酒的描述进一步加强了主题。凌解放认为熙凤的宗教怀疑论对于她的女性地位来说是不寻常的,因为邪教迷信的做法主要是女性消遣娱乐(这是男人厌恶的)。正如熙凤对铁槛寺老尼说,“从来不信什么是阴司地狱报应的”。
王熙凤的名字、成长和行为都表明一个男性化的女人更想成为一个男人。由此,我们也读了王熙凤类似这样的话:如果此生我是好的女子,我可以像一个男人一样重生,这样一来,这就与男主角贾宝玉形成了对比,他被描述为渴望重生为一个女子。宝玉一直拒绝职业与权力相关的男性气质,而熙凤积极寻求出路。
熙凤有意识地表达了与男性并列的男性化的喜好,文中详细阐述了这种性别扭曲的消极后果。事实上,她渴望成为一个“男人”的代价是很高的。关于熙凤才能的评论与她如何患病和虚弱的细节配合,暗示着她想成为一个强大的人的愿望是不自然和不平衡的,从而导致熙凤患病和疯狂。此外,小说将熙凤不平衡的阴阳特质与女性体质的异常相联系。
她身体和精神不平衡的最突出的表现就是血崩。夏洛特·弗尔特关于女性血液和女性性别的研究对我们的讨论是有启发性的。在这里我们看到,血液是妇女的统治方面。血液作为女性气质的双重象征——同时强调女人的弱点和女人的权利。由于月经不规则引起的疾病,妇女的性质就像“病态性别”一样,而血液也象征着年轻妇女的生殖能力。月经血是高度污染的,同时也代表着一个年轻女子的权能,作为其重要性的证据,人们对于月经的规律给予了相当的医疗关注。
在红楼梦王熙凤的健康状况中被提及多次,书中明确表示她流产,随后忍受慢性出血,并产生血崩。在第六十一章中,我们看到她因为内心忧虑,而在六七个月内失去了一个男胎。从此以后月经血流不止,导致熙凤病情加重。但熙凤不能放弃管家,第七十四章对大观园进行了突击检查,这种情况有严重的后果。但是在晚上她几次被迫下床,每次她都发现自己正在流血。到了第二天早上的时候,她太虚弱了,头晕目眩以至无法下床。
不愿放弃管理家庭的权力,熙凤的压力不断加大。她值得信赖的仆人,平儿,评论说,熙凤不会承认生病,也不同意看大夫。当然,你比我们更了解我们的王熙凤吗?不只是不愿意看大夫或服用一些药物。她还坚持自己没有什么问题,而且她认为别人想通过谈论此事把她气病。尽管感觉如此糟糕,但她仍然坚持管理家里的一切。熙凤在这些情况下,她否认疾病,拒绝接受疾病和虚弱的性角色,这与林黛玉等角色更被动地接受疾病的情况形成了鲜明的对比。这种对支配地位的渴求,以及对自我控制和控制欲的持续渴望,都是通过无法控制的月经血的象征来构建的。安德鲁·普拉克斯指出,王熙凤与血液之间的联系代表了她在阴阳周期中的位置是阳的位置,但我们也可以看到,王熙凤的血崩象征着她与权力的不适当的关系,以及她与阳不适当的关系。她的身体体现了她对保守的儒家性别要求的挑战的影响。
高鹗没有继续血崩的主题,而是在贾母葬礼失意的时候选择了“呕吐大量的鲜血”。这次葬礼本来是为了表明熙凤的管理实力,相当于秦可卿在第13章和第14章中的葬礼,但相反,贾母葬礼证明她作为一个年轻的媳妇的脆弱性的特征。随着她的支持者贾母去世了,她的权利也被剥夺了,熙凤没有岳母周围的人的顺服和支持,许多仆人根本拒绝合作。熙凤的敌人终于能够报复了。作为一个儿媳妇的脆弱性,象征就是失血,早在第71章,她诚实地向李纨解释自己的困境时就已经变得很明显:她目前处于糟糕的状态。多年以来,她一直在管理事情,她可能没有对园里的姐妹情谊造成损害,但她在别的地方犯了很大错误。作为儿媳妇安逸的生活必然是不可能的。如果她太温柔和温和,她的公公婆婆就会抱怨她很愚蠢,仆人不尊重她,但如果她表现出太强势,她背后总会有另外一些问题。
在贾母的葬礼上经过一段时间的陷害和失意,熙凤遭遇冷落。权利从在她身上逐渐消失,她困顿潦倒。幸运的是平儿还在身边,当熙凤蹲下口吐鲜血时,平儿尽心尽力地支持她的主子。无法控制的月经象征着熙凤身体内部不和谐。在这个时期的新儒家秩序中,一个年轻的女人,力求将所有的影响力和权力全部奉献给男人,这可能会使自己的身体系统紊乱和她所生活的家庭混乱。血液象征着她的权力,也象征着年轻儿媳妇脆弱性。
她的身体功能障碍进一步将熙凤建立成一个有缺陷的妻子和儿媳妇形象。王熙凤已经生下了一个年轻的女儿巧姐,正如我们上面所看到的,这个小说中途有熙凤有一个男性胎儿流产。她没有一个儿子让她在家庭内处于非常脆弱的境地。对于我们的讨论,值得重视的是,有流产并不仅仅被认为是身体的一个缺陷,还反映了一个女人的道德不好。夏洛特·弗雷斯解释了女人身体健康与道德状态之间的密切联系。 “身体状况的好坏与情绪好坏离不开,并且可以在任何一个方向发挥作用。”
因此,熙凤未能将男性胎儿产下,从而被认为是她是有道德过失的。范古利克对中国的性行为的研究提到,那些天性淫荡性情不定的妇女很难产下子嗣。福雷斯解释了道德与医学知识和女性之间的联系如下:
他们(医疗机构)教导:成功的分娩,就像成功的妻子的地位,是一种道德自律和克制。母亲和孩子的健康依赖于同样的美德,这种美德在妻子的社会管理中很好地为父权家庭提供了良好的服务。另一方面,那些社会上的恶习也会破坏家庭——憎恨和愤怒、欲望和浪荡,放纵和无节制的欲望——都与孕期和新生儿疾病的病理障碍相关联。
如果流产是由愤怒和欲望或无穷的贪欲造成的,熙凤不能诞下男婴,可以被认为是她缺乏道德克制的象征。类似地,早期儿童疾病被理解为由母亲行为模式的偏差引起的。巧姐被熙凤描述为一个可怜的孩子——多灾多病,这也可以看作是与熙凤越界的生活方式相联系的。
熙凤肯定不是一个温和懂得退让的女人,而且文字提供了她性暗示的伏笔。她与侄子贾蓉的关系仍然不明确——无论是调情还是无节制的通奸,都让读者思考。当贾蓉从熙凤那借用屏风时,安吉丽娜·怡的场景解释最清楚地说明了歧义。在这里,我们看到熙凤和贾蓉的妻子秦可卿之间的细微比较,她在这被比喻为“东西”:
“凤姐笑道:lsquo;也没见你们,王家的东西都是好的不成?你们那里放着那些好东西,只是看不见,偏我的就是好的。rsquo;贾蓉笑道:lsquo;那里有这个好呢!只求开恩罢rsquo;。凤姐道:lsquo;若碰一点儿,你可仔细你的皮!rsquo;”
平儿,熙凤的贴身丫鬟,是被强迫去忠于自己的女主人,但中国的批评意见一般认为是不准确的,只表示平儿忠于她的女主人。更为可靠的意见被认为是那些醉酒的仆人,比如焦大指责蓉和熙凤通奸。当时中国的一些批评家说,熙凤为了得到秦可卿的丈夫贾蓉而成了帮助谋杀秦可卿庆的帮凶。
贾瑞的悲剧中也突显出熙凤淫乱的行为。秦可卿访问之后,熙凤在贾府被贾瑞接近,贾瑞给熙凤使眼色,并暗示说,他们两人之间可以私下见面,熙凤决定羞辱他教他一课,与贾瑞安排了一系列虚假的交会。贾瑞发现自己被锁在外面,贾蓉和贾蔷用粪便泼贾瑞,一夜受冻,贾瑞因为这些生病卧床不起,经过一年左右的病情达到顶峰,两个流浪的僧侣给了他家人一面,如果他只看正面,就能治好他的病,贾瑞在镜子背面这里,看到熙凤的形象,他经历了多次幻想,死在了意淫中,虽然熙凤对贾瑞的淫欲不应该负责,但她的行为并不温和不符合作为封建大家庭中纯洁儿媳妇的形象。
因此,熙凤的性别界限的延伸和“可接受的”行为守则可以被看作是社会混乱的象征。她的身体表现为无法生育子嗣并且她女儿健康状况不佳。这些身体信号引起的社会障碍又反过来支持着她与年轻男子不道德的关系。因此,从小说的二元构架出发,从而可以授予一个模糊的意义。熙凤与男性世界的关系不仅把熙凤的关系和与宝玉的关系形成了鲜明的对比,而且还可以揭示出清朝复杂的性意识形态,以及人们对女性的模糊评价。
参考文献
[1]夏洛特·弗雷斯﹒血液,身体和性别:中国女性状况的医学图像[J]﹒中国科学,1986(07):43-66﹒
[2]凌解放﹒凤凰巢和凤还巢——另一个王熙凤[J]﹒红楼梦学刊,1983(04):151-172﹒
[3]白盾﹒论王熙凤性格的悲剧意义[J]﹒红楼梦学刊,1982(01):121-136﹒
[4]王朝闻﹒初凤姐[M]﹒天津:百花文艺出版社,1980﹒
出处:路易斯·爱德华兹﹒中国十八世纪妇女与社会权力的代表:王熙凤[J]﹒中国帝国后期,1993, 14(01):37-43﹒
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