预测互联网是否会帮助儿童完成家庭作业、实现身份发展和完善健康信息外文翻译资料

 2022-12-06 16:01:12

窗体顶端

Predicting Parent-Child Differences in Perceptions of How Children Use the Internet for Help With Homework, Identity Development, and Health Information.

窗体底端

窗体顶端

Authors:

Taddeo M; Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. mariarosariataddeo@gmail.com.

Source:

Science And Engineering Ethics [Sci Eng Ethics] 2015 Oct; Vol. 21 (5), pp. 1125-38. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Sep 11

窗体底端

Youth use the Internet extensively, with 84% having high-speed Internet at home, 36% having a computer in their bedroom, and 66% having a mobile phone (Rideout, Foehr, amp; Roberts, 2010). Additionally, 93% of teenagers use the Internet for behav-iors that can be useful, most notably, for help completing homework assignments (78%) (Pew Research Center, 2009).

In general, parents do not have accurate perceptions about what their children are doing online, and they know it. Only 40% of parents claim to always know what their children are doing, and only 52% know sometimes (Norton, 2010). Furthermore, 5% of parents claim they have no idea what their children do online, while 20% of children claim their parents have no idea (Norton, 2010). While parents have misperceptions about their childrenrsquo;s online experiences, the majority attempt to mediate Internet use. In a study of European youth and their parents, 70% of parents report talking to their children about what they do online, and 58% report staying nearby while their children are online (Livingstone, Haddon, Gouml;rzig, amp; Oacute;lafsson, 2011). However, more than 35% of children report that they ignore, at least a little, their parentrsquo;s efforts to mediate their online usage (Livingstone et al., 2011).

While considering online activities, it is important to note that no online activ-ity is discretely good or bad for a child. For example, cyberbullying is primarily viewed to be psychologically and socially detrimental (Law, Shapka, amp; Olson, 2010; Schneider, Orsquo;Donnell, Stueve, amp; Coulter, 2012; Ybarra amp; Mitchell, 2004), leading to lower self-esteem (Patchin amp; Hinduja, 2010), lower levels of subjective health (Laring;ftman, Modin, amp; Ouml;stberg, 2013), and even suicide. Using the Internet for homework is typically seen by parents as helpful to their children (Ortiz, Green, amp; Lim, 2010; Tripp, 2011). Yet, we can imagine cases in which these distinctions are not as discrete (i.e., cyberbullying could result in a child increasing their re-silience and social savvy, while the Internet can be used to plagiarize homework assignments). In this study, as will be explained further below, we anticipate this nuance and specifically ask parents about online activities in a way that captures only those instances when they believe these behaviors are indeed helpful to their child.

During childhood and adolescence, youth are continually learning about who they are, and scholars have discussed how the Internet helps foster self-awareness (Clarke, 2009; Hinduja amp; Patchin, 2008; Maczewski, 2002; Turkle, 1997; Valken-burg amp; Peter, 2009; Valkenburg, Schouten, amp; Peter, 2005). The Internet can provide extensive information, as well as an expressive platform (Clarke, 2009), on a variety of topics, such as cultural identity ( Jensen, 2003; Neely, 2015), transnational identity (McGinnis, Goodstein-Stolzenberg, amp; Saliani, 2007), social identity (Livingstone amp; Brake, 2010), sub-cultural practices (Williams, 2006), fashion (Neely, 2015), sexual orientation (Hammack, Thompson, amp; Pilecki, 2009), and gender and sexuality (Sub-rahmanyam, Smahel, amp; Greenfield, 2006). Youth are savvy about how they seek this information and construct, develop, and maintain their online identities, engaging simultaneously in self-reflexivity and impression management (boyd, 2008). For example, they manage content to reflect positively upon themselves (Lenhart et al., 2011; Zhao, Grasmuck, amp; Martin, 2008) and use privacy settings to control what content their parents can view (Brandtzaelig;g, Luuml;ders, amp; Skjetne, 2010). Identity self-expression takes place in many different formats, as youth upload text, images, and video artifacts and engage with others in discussion boards, social networks, and other online communities (McGinnis et al., 2007).

Youth also use online environments to explore and experiment with elements of their identity, trying on new personalities, characteristics, and physical forms (Clarke, 2009; Valkenburg et al., 2005; Subrahmanyam et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2008). The anonymity of the Internet facilitates this, in that youth can disclose certain features and conceal others, and through doing so, learn more about themselves (Maczewski, 2002). For example, a teen may say she is older in order to be taken more seriously in an online political discussion. These lsquo;lsquo;identity experimentsrsquo;rsquo; enable youth to see how others respond to different aspects of self and to com-pensate for social insecurity—all while helping them learn more about themselves (Valkenburg et al., 2005, p. 383). Youth also use social networking sites, in which they seek to present more accurate or idealized portrayals of self, that affirm their identity (Livingstone amp; Brake, 2010). Indeed, 80% of online teens use these sites (Lenhart et al., 2011), with 40% of youth spending an average of almost 54 minutes a day on them (Rideout et al., 2010).

While youth use the Internet for help with identity development, prior work has largely overlooked the extent to which parents are aware of this behavior. As noted above, some identity self-expression takes place on social networking venues, such as Facebook, and parents are aware their children use these forums (Brandtzaelig;g et al., 2010; Doty amp; Dworkin, 2014; lsquo;lsquo;State of the Net,rsquo;rsquo; 2010). That said, youth are savvy in constructing th

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预测互联网是否会帮助儿童完成家庭作业、实现身份发展和完善健康信息

作者:

Taddeo M; 政治与国际研究系 , 英国考文垂华威大学

来源:

科学与工程伦理学 [科学与工程伦理] 2015年10月; 卷. 21 (5), p1125-38. 电子出版日期: 2014年9月11日

现阶段,青少年使用互联网的情况十分广泛,84%的被调查者表示会在家中使用互联网,36%的被调查者表示有一台电脑在他们自己的卧室,66%的受访者选择手机上网(Rideout, Foehr, amp; Roberts, 2010)。此外,大约有93%的青少年他们使用互联网的行为可能是有用的,最值得注意的是,其中使用互联网帮助完成家庭作业的占78%(Pew Research Center, 2009)。

一般来说,父母对于他们的孩子在网上做什么并没有准确的看法,他们知道自己的孩子在使用互联网。只有40%的父母声称自己总是知道自己的孩子在做什么,而有52%的父母选择有时知道选项(Norton, 2010)。此外,5%的父母声称他们不知道他们的孩子在网上做什么,而20%的孩子声称他们的父母不知道(Norton, 2010)。而大多数父母正在试图调解孩子们的互联网使用。在一项针对欧洲青少年和他们的父母的研究中,70%的家长会和孩子讨论他们在网上做了什么,58%的家长报告说他们会在孩子上网时始终陪伴在侧(Livingstone, Haddon, Gouml;rzig, amp; Oacute;lafsson, 2011)。然而,有至少35%的家长表明他们忽略了这一点,他们忘记关心子女的互联网使用状况(Livingstone et al., 2011)。

当考虑子女的互联网活动时需注意一点,没有完全是好的或完全是坏的网上活动。例如,大部分人认为网络欺凌会带来心理的和社会的双重危害(Law, Shapka, amp; Olson, 2010; Schneider, Orsquo;Donnell, Stueve, amp; Coulter, 2012; Ybarra amp; Mitchell, 2004),伤害孩子的自尊心(Patchin amp; Hinduja, 2010),危害身体健康(Laring;ftman, Modin, amp; Ouml;stberg, 2013),甚至导致自杀。而选择借助互联网帮助完成作业的孩子的家长则更多认为互联网有助于孩子的自我发展(Ortiz, Green, amp; Lim, 2010; Tripp, 2011)。然而,我们可以想象,这些并不是全部的好坏区别(即网络欺凌可能导致孩子增加他们的复原力量和社会知识,而互联网可以用来抄袭作业)。在这项研究中,将进一步解释下面,我们期待这细微差别,并明确地询问家长在网上活动的方式,只有那些情况下,当他们相信这些行为确实有助于他们的孩子。

在青少年的成长过程中,他们不断地了解他们自己是谁,在互联网上和学者讨论有助于培养他们的自我意识(Clarke, 2009; Hinduja amp; Patchin, 2008; Maczewski, 2002; Turkle, 1997; Valken-burg amp; Peter, 2009; Valkenburg, Schouten, amp; Peter, 2005)。互联网可以为各种主题提供大量的信息,以及一个表达的平台(Clarke, 2009),如文化认同(Jensen, 2003; Neely, 2015),跨国身份信息(McGinnis, Goodstein-Stolzenberg, amp; Saliani, 2007),社会认同(Livingstone amp; Brake, 2010),亚文化实践(威廉姆斯,2006),时尚(Neely,2015),性取向(Hammack, Thompson, amp; Pilecki, 2009),与性别和性(Sub-rahmanyam, Smahel, amp; Greenfield, 2006)。青年是精明的,他们会在互联网上准确寻找自己所需的信息,建设完善自己头脑中的信息库,隐蔽自己的在线身份,同时注重自我反思和他人的印象管理(博伊德,2008)。同时,他们会将查询到的信息加以整合和运用,网络信息会直接反映在青少年身上(Lenhart et al., 2011; Zhao, Grasmuck, amp; Martin, 2008),并且他们还懂得设置家长可以查看的权限以保护自己的隐私(Brandtzaelig;g, Luuml;ders, amp; Skjetne, 2010)。

年轻人还会通过与他人在讨论板、社交网络、和其他在线社区等上传文本、图像和视频文物等多种不同的方式进行身份的自我表达(麦金尼斯等,2007)。

青年还会利用探索网络环境的机会进行对自身身份验证的实验,以尝试新的个性特征和外在形象(克拉克,2009;Valkenburg et al.,2005;Subrahmanyam et al.,2006;Zhao et al.,2008)。在网络活动中,由于网络自身存在的匿名性特征,有可能会引发青年在参与其中时通过披露某些特征和隐瞒他人来更多地了解自己(maczewski,2002)。例如,一个十几岁的孩子可能会说她年纪大了,这会帮助他掩饰自己的真实年龄,以便在网上政治讨论中得到更加认真对待。这些“天赋能力”会帮助青年在看到别人如何回应社会所带来不安全感的同时,帮助他们更了解自己(Valkenburg et al.,2005,p. 383)。青年也会使用社交网站,因为他们在这其中寻求更准确的或理想化的自我描绘,借此肯定自己的身份(Livingstone amp; Brake, 2010)。事实上,80%的青少年会使用这些在线网站(Lenhart et al.,2011),40%的青年平均每天约花费54分钟在这上面(Rideout et al.,2010)。

虽然青少年在网络活动中能获得如何使用互联网和帮助自身身份发展的帮助,而以前的工作在很大程度上忽略了家长因素。如上所述,父母意识到,孩子的有些身份表达发生在社交场所,如脸谱网、论坛等(Brandtzaelig;g et al., 2010; Doty amp; Dworkin, 2014; lsquo;lsquo;State of the Net,rsquo;rsquo; 2010)。也就是说,年轻人在构建他们的在线身份方面很有悟性,所以父母可能对他们如何利用互联网进行身份发展没有准确的认识。此外,使用互联网的帮助与身份的发展发生在生态技术子系统,而这个在线活动并不总是在父母所熟知的领域直接发生。重要的是,如果家长的看法较为积极,或许会允许他们的孩子经常去使用互联网进行自我发展,但如果他们的看法不够积极,他们可能会限制孩子的互联网使用,他们或许并不认为这样一种在线活动是有利于孩子的价值观养成和未来性格发展的。换句话说,如果他们高估了他们的孩子,认为孩子们经常通过社交网站来构建在线身份、隐藏真实信息,他们可能会限制这种活动,避免不良影响的发生。

在某种程度上,父母也有积极看待互联网的一面,比如,有学者指出,中年人比青少年更喜欢利用互联网寻求健康信息(Ybarra amp; Suman, 2006),因此,让父母认识到参与互联网活动的积极方面并不是没有可能,父母完全可以自己去探索发现互联网的积极意义。此外,有研究发现,青少年经常帮助他们受教育程度较低的父母找到健康信息(赵,2009)。如上所述,使用互联网寻求健康信息是一项被双方都接受认可的生态技术子系统,完全可以借此灌输正确的知识,引导孩子的健康发展。当孩子问问题时,父母可以直接通过互联网访问一个家庭医生或护士学校(系统),他们不能肯定孩子会不会浏览其他的系统。因此,重要的是要考虑哪些因素会导致这种在线活动的亲子差异。具体来说,如果父母对如何保证经常上网在寻找健康信息方面是有帮助的存有疑虑,他们可能不知道他们的孩子收到了多少健康信息。如果他们高估了这一行为,他们就不太可能提出困难所在之处或在必要时带孩子去看医生。

数据通过对一些关键模式的数据说明,旨在进一步了解亲子差异。首先,父母往往高估他们的孩子的自制力,认为孩子们经常使用互联网是在进行有益的活动。它就是早期研究的重要视角,这表明父母经常低估了互联网风险,认为他们孩子的在线体验总是愉快且有益的,如cyberbul说谎(拜恩等人,2014)。换句话说,它不是简单地帮助父母提升互联网警惕意识就可以的,同时,它也忽视了互联网有可能会影响孩子的发展。除了生态技术系统存在漏洞、父母意识存在偏差、对互联网的控制影响分析不足等因素影响,这些发现都能说明一个模式总是或多或少地存在偏差,不能总是不切实际地认为自己的孩子比同时在线的其他孩子受到的风险影响较少(韦恩斯坦,1980)。

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