The Movie Is (Sometimes) Better Than the Book:Adaptations as Literary Analysis
Mark Flowers
Source:Young Adult Library Services,Summer 2011:21-23
ABSTRACT: Filmic critiques are (at least) doubly interesting because they can not only be great fun in and of themselves but also be great pedagogic tools for teachers trying to get their students to think critically about literature.2 Below, I take a look at three adaptations: a short comic based on a fairy tale; a short film based on a short story, and a feature film based on a novel. Averyrsquo;s version, then, is a perfect way to engage a whole host of issues surrounding the story: from the fact that it is about sexuality at all, to the way Perrault and the Grimms moralized the story, to its continuing relevance in Averyrsquo;s hands, and much more. Who Framed Roger Rabbit?, however, parodies many of the standard tropes of this genre to posit a fundamentally opposite viewpoint - that human nature, while flawed, is inherently good.
This Spring, I was in a Barnes amp; Noble and noticed a display titled “Read the Book Before You See the Movie,” advertising the novels of various movie adaptations released this summer: Beastly, Jane Eyre, and Atlas Shrugged. The one that caught my eye, though, was Red Riding Hood—not an edition of the Grimm fairy tale but a novelization of the movie.The absurdity of asking customers to “read the book before seeing the movie,” when even the author of the book itself had not done so, got me thinking about what a bad name film adaptations get in our culture. We constantly hear that “the book is always better than the movie” or that some particular movie didnrsquo;t “live up to” the book. So, in honor of this yearrsquo;s Teen Read Week theme of “Picture It,” I thought Irsquo;d make a plea for movie adaptations of books, short stories, and other literature.
The Movie Is Better Than the Book
For the past year or so, Irsquo;ve been compiling a list of movies Irsquo;ve seen which are better or equal to their literary source. The list is already at almost 150 titles. Tastes differ, and I donrsquo;t want to start an argument about specific movies or my own tastes, but I do think it is clear that Hollywood in particular, and filmmakers all over the world as well, have a penchant for making great art out of relatively minor, or even trashy, material. Alfred Hitchcock, Fritz Lang, David Cronenberg, Orson Welles, and Roman Polanski, to name just a few examples, each made many, many films based on the works of such literary “giants” as Roland Topor, Norbert Jacques, Patrick McGrath, Georges de La Fouchardiere, Cornell Woolrich, Robert Bloch, Sherwood King, and Whit Masterson. Again, we could argue over the specifics of a few of these cases, but the general trend is clear: novels and short stories which have either been completely forgotten, or are remembered only because they inspired film masterpieces.
The premise that the literary source of a film is more valid, important, or valuable than the film not only is patently false but also does an incredible disservice to all parties involved. It shortchanges the artistry and critical thought of filmmakers. It shortchanges the intelligence of the people being fed the line, and especially in the case of teens, it has the potential to belittle them for preferring one art form over another. And ultimately, it backfires on the cultural “guardians” (teachers, parents, and librarians) who make the claim, when audiences realize they are wrong.
This is all the more disheartening because, as I will attempt to show below, film adaptations, besides being entertaining and artistic in their own right, also have the potential to act as a powerful critical lens through which to view their literary source, a lens which we forgo to our own detriment.
Adaptations as Critical Commentaries
Google “the movie was better than the book” and you will find plenty of examples of people arguing that their favorite movie surpassed its source. So rather than spend this article ranting about how great some Cronenberg picture is, I would rather write about a somewhat different topic which I think has not been given much attention: film adaptations which act as critical commentaries on the works they are adapting (regardless of the artistic merits of each). Filmic critiques are (at least) doubly interesting because they can not only be great fun in and of themselves but also be great pedagogic tools for teachers trying to get their students to think critically about literature.
Below, I take a look at three adaptations: a short comic based on a fairy tale; a short film based on a short story, and a feature film based on a novel. Each of these offers separate ways of looking at the ways in which adaptations can illuminate their sources. I start with the fairy tale that began this article.
Red Hot Riding Hood
In “Red Hot Riding Hood”, directed by cartoon genius Tex Avery, a narrator begins to tell the traditional story of “Little Red Riding Hood,” but gets only a minute or so in before all three main characters object. Riding Hood, the Wolf, and Grandma declare that they are bored with the normal story and demand a change. The narrator obliges, and we are abruptly dropped into a parody of 1940s Hollywood glamour picture. Riding Hood is an exotic dancer, the wolf a man about town, and Grandma a high-class older woman out for a good time. The story follows the tradition loosely: the wolf, wishing to seduce Riding Hood, speeds ahead of her to get to Grandmarsquo;s house first. At this point, all slapstick breaks loose: Grandma decides she wants the wolf and tries to catch him. A series of chases end with the wolf in great physical distress, vowing not to look at a woman again.
The traditional fairy tale of “Little Red Riding Hood” is generally accepted to be about rape. Zipes, in particular
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电影(有时)比原著更好
——作为文学分析的改编作品
Mark Flowers
期刊来源:Young Adult Library Services,Summer 2011:21-23
摘要:电影对这种复杂来源的批评性评论很深刻,或许足以写一本书了,但是本质的信息是一种主题颠覆,就像《热辣小红帽》那样。硬汉派侦探小说和电影通常对人性都持有一种无情悲观的看法,它们的模仿者倾向于将这种悲观推到极致。尤其是《唐人街》,它在经典的好莱坞模式中是风格最冷峻的电影之一。然而《谁陷害了兔子罗杰?》戏仿了这类型的很多标准比喻,却假定出一个完全相反的观点——人性虽然有缺陷,但本质上是好。
今年春天,我在一个Barnes amp; Noble书店注意到一个叫做“观影前先读原著”的展览,这个展览宣传了一系列将在这个夏天上映的改编电影的原著:《野兽男孩》、《简·爱》以及《阿特拉斯耸耸肩》。然而我却被一本书吸引了目光,那就是《小红帽》——不是格林童话的版本而是电影的小说版。要求消费者“观影前先读原著”的荒谬之事,即使原著作者本身也没有这么做,这让我想到了改编电影在我们的文化当中名声有多坏。我们经常会听到“原著永远比电影强”或者某些电影没有“辜负”原著这样的说法。因此,为了致敬今年的“青少年阅读周”的主题“想象一下”,我想我应该为改编自书籍、短篇小说和其他文学作品的电影辩护一下。
电影比书更好
在过去的一年里,我一直在编纂一个电影清单,上面是我看过的比文学原著更好或者优秀程度等同于原著的电影。这个清单里已经有将近150部电影。每个人的偏好是不同的,我不想就某些特定的电影或因我自己的偏好发起论点,但是我认为有一点很明显,那就是世界各地的电影工作者都倾向于从相对较微小,甚至毫无价值的材料中创造出伟大的艺术,好莱坞电影人尤甚。例如:阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克、弗里茨·朗、大卫·柯南伯格、奥森·威尔斯以及罗曼·波兰斯基,他们每一个人都拍摄了大量的电影,这些电影皆出自于文学“巨匠”,像Roland Topor、Norbert Jacques、PatrickMc Grath、Georges de La Fouchardiegrave;re、Cornell Woolrich、Robert Bloch、Sherwood King和Whit Masterson。再次声明,我们可以争论这些个例的细节,但总体趋势是明确的:长篇小说和短篇小说要么被完全遗忘,要么只是因为它们激发了电影杰作而被人记得。
电影的文学来源比电影本身更有效、更重要、更有价值的前提,不仅是虚假的,也令当事各方都受到了难以置信的伤害。它减损了电影人的艺术性和批判性思维,也减损了人们的才智,尤其是青少年有可能因此偏爱某一种艺术形式而变得浅薄。最终,当观众意识到他们是错的时候,它就会招致适得其反的结果,从而使文化“监护人”(老师、家长以及图书管理员)负责索赔。
这一切令人更加沮丧,因为正如我接下来试图说明的,改编电影,除了作为娱乐和艺术本身,也有潜能充当一个强有力的关键镜头,通过这个镜头来审视它们的文学来源,一个可以让我们弥补自身不足的镜头。
改编作品的批评性评论功能
如果谷歌一下“电影比原著强”,你会发现很多人认为他们心仪的电影超过其原著。因此与其花时间夸夸其谈柯南伯格有多伟大,我更愿意写一个有点儿不一样的主题,一个我认为没有获得太多关注的主题:改编电影对于它所改编的作品具有批评性评论功能(无论其艺术性的优劣)。电影评论是(至少是)双倍有趣的,因为它们不仅自身趣味性十足,而且对教师而言是一种很好的教学工具,可以使学生尝试用批评性思维去思考文学。
在下文中,我将分析三部改编作品:一部改编自童话故事的动画短片,一部改编自短篇小说的短片和一部改编自长篇小说的剧情片。每一部影片都提供了不同的方法来观察改编电影阐释原著的方式。我将从童话故事开始分析。
《热辣小红帽》
《热辣小红帽》由动画天才特克斯·艾弗里执导,影片在刚开始由一个叙述者讲述传统的“小红帽”故事,但是仅仅持续了一分钟左右,三个主要人物便开始拒绝这种设定。小红帽、老狼和外婆声称他们厌倦了这种俗套的故事并且要求进行更改。在叙述者的帮助下,我们突然掉进一个充斥着仿造上世纪40年代好莱坞式魅力的画面。小红帽是一个脱衣舞娘,老狼是一个纨绔公子,而外婆是一个外出寻找乐子的上流社会老女人。故事大致沿袭了传统:老狼想要引诱小红帽,赶在小红帽之前先行到达外婆家。这时,所有的闹剧开始打破这种沿袭:外婆决定她想要老狼并且试图抓住他。这一系列的追逐结束于老狼的遍体鳞伤,他发誓不会再看任何一个女人一眼。
传统的童话故事“小红帽”被公认是有关强奸的故事。仁普思特别指出:“波瑞特和格林兄弟[最广为人知的两个故事版本]...把一个有关年轻女子社会启蒙的口头民间故事改成一个关于强奸的故事,其中女主人公不得不承担起性侵犯的责任。”简而言之,在最知名的版本中,这个故事是一个对年轻女性的警世故事——不要偏离路径,否则老狼会强奸你。艾弗里的版本将主题倒转成一个女权主义的故事:热辣小红帽和外婆都是自主的充满性魅力的女性,一直在老狼的主场打击着他。她们并不需要一个樵夫。
艾弗里的版本是一个参与有关故事的一系列主题的完美方式:从它是完全有关性欲的事实,到波瑞特和格林兄弟使之成为一个道德教化的故事,再到它在艾弗里的手里延伸出的持续相关性,以及更多。
《黑猫》
罗杰·科曼的《爱伦坡怪谈》由三个Edgar Allan Poe的小说故事改编组成,其中第二个故事就是“黑猫”。科曼执导了大量源自Poe的小说的电影,其中大多数被严重批评为极度松散的诠释。的确,除了最后暴露了躲在墙后的猫,科曼的《黑猫》似乎完全偏离了原故事:电影里只有一只猫,还有额外的角色,并且没有任何超自然的事情发生。
然而,后来事情变得有趣起来。Susan Amper在1992年发表的一篇富有吸引力同说服力的文章中说到Poe的《黑猫》里所叙述的故事实际上是叙述者精心设计的一个谎言。她整理了法医证据(尸体的腐烂状态)以及他故事里的内在矛盾,从而确定了“真正”发生的事情:“叙述者谋杀了他的妻子,不是如他声称的在地下室楼梯上冲动而为,而是怀有恶意地蓄意为之,同时他宣称自己已经杀死了他的猫,这想象出来的杀猫是他为了减缓内疚而编造出的谎言,”因为,当然“没有两只黑猫,只有Pluto:那只黑猫。”
而科曼的电影情节几乎完全遵循了Amper在三十年后推导出的发生在“黑猫”背后的真相。科曼提供了动机(通奸)和一个额外的角色(妻子的情人),但关键点具备:一个酗酒的、精神错乱的主角,有预谋地谋杀了他的妻子,并且只有一只猫,它在砖墙后面喵喵叫从而泄露了秘密。换句话说,一个二流导演提供了一个对Poe的故事合理的,并且实际上异常接近故事内核的解读,而且比相关的文学批评要提前三十年。
《谁陷害了兔子罗杰?》
《谁陷害了兔子罗杰?》被公认为改编自长篇小说《谁审查了兔子罗杰?》。事实上,尽管人物、概念和一些情节点延续了书里的内容,电影的情节很显然来自新黑色电影《唐人街》(一个侦探被雇来破解一个看似简单的通奸案,却逐渐被深深卷入了一场阴谋,那就是用阴险的手段彻底重塑洛杉矶的景观。这两部电影的故事也都是大致基于发生在洛杉矶的真实事件)。这种双重影响由于一个事实而变得更加复杂,那就是《唐人街》和《谁审查了兔子罗杰?》(在某种程度上)都是改编自经典的硬汉派侦探电影和上世纪三、四十年代的小说(例如,《谁审查了兔子罗杰?》中大部分情节是来自达希尔·哈米特——更是来自约翰·休斯顿的——《马耳他之鹰》)。
电影对这种复杂来源的批评性评论很深刻,或许足以写一本书了,但是本质的信息是一种主题颠覆,就像《热辣小红帽》那样。硬汉派侦探小说和电影通常对人性都持有一种无情悲观的看法,它们的模仿者倾向于将这种悲观推到极致。尤其是《唐人街》,它在经典的好莱坞模式中是风格最冷峻的电影之一。然而《谁陷害了兔子罗杰?》戏仿了这类型的很多标准比喻,却假定出一个完全相反的观点——人性虽然有缺陷,但本质上是好。这一点与其说是由于美满结局达成的(可能与上世纪80年代末对儿童适宜电影的要求有关),不如说是由于电影用儿童喜爱的形象来处理卡通部分。在小说中,卡通部分实际上只是演员为危险的场景创建的特技替身。电影留心到这种花招,舞台后的卡通人物们并不总是符合他们在银幕上的人物形象——但是电影在一点上十分清晰,那就是卡通存在的本质上是为了“让人开怀大笑”。为了补充这一点,电影对主人公埃迪·瓦林特进行了细致入微的描述——包括他的叙事弧,从一个厌倦的卡通憎恨者到卡通城的拯救者——于是你会看到一部与它的“祖先”在信仰和主题上非常不一致的电影。
为什么这对青少年很重要?
“原著比电影更好”的言论是一个频繁被抛给青少年儿童的概念,尤其是在阅读任务的语境中。青少年被分配读书的任务,然后又被不同的成年人明确告知在读书前不要先看电影,或者压根就不要看电影。促进阅读和执行任务的目标是值得赞赏的,但由此产生的对20世纪主要艺术形式的傲慢态度,显然对青少年有影响。
更重要的是,那些不屈从于教条的青少年能够亲眼目睹这种说法显然是错误的。最明显的例子是,我对莎士比亚的(更确切地说,他的打印机下的)文字的热情不比任何人逊色,与此同时我必须承认,比起只是在纸张上阅读,大多数观众通过观看一个优秀的戏剧版本可以更深入地理解莎士比亚的文本以及潜台词 (例如,波兰斯基的《麦克白》),特别是鉴于剧本原本就为表演而生。经常是只有在观看戏剧时,书面文本才开始变得有意义。对于视觉学习者来说也是如此,事先观看书本的电影版本对于学习来说有极大的优势,可以先了解基本的情节,然后再回到原著小说。
正如我们所说,一个好的改编作品(或是不那么好的改编作品——我不敢断言科曼的《黑猫》的艺术性)能够阐明原著的主题、问题和没有言说的假想。鉴于这些重要的问题,我呼吁青少年图书管理员利用今年的“青少年阅读周”,无视像“原著永远比电影更好”这样的说法,从而提倡一种更深切地洞察原著的方式——看电影。
参考文献
1. Sarah Blakley-Cartwright and David Leslie Johnson, Red Riding Hood. . . .,New York: Poppy,2011. (ISBN: 978-0316190855).
2. For a much more scholarly and detailed examination of the concept of adaptation as critique, see Stam, Robert. “Beyond Fidelity: The Dialogics of Adaptation” in Film Adaptation, ed. James Naremore (New Brunswick: Rutgers, 2000). The entire book is worth reading, but Stamrsquo;s chapter is particularly illuminating.
3. Red Hot Riding Hood, MGM, Dir. Tex Avery, 1943.
4. Jack Zipes, Why Fairy Tales Stick: The Evolution and Relevance of a Genre. (New York: Routledge, 2006), 28. (ISBN: 978-0-415-97781-4).
5. Tales of Terror, Alta Vista, Dir. Roger Corman, 1962.
6. Susan Amper, “Untold Story: The Lying Narrator in The Black Cat.” Studies in Short Fiction 29 (1992): 475-485.
7. Ibid., p. 476; p. 482.
8. Who Framed Roger Rabbit? Touchstone, Dir. Robert Zemeckis, 1989; Gary Wolf, Who Censored Roger Rabbit? New York: St. Martinrsquo;s, 1981. (ISBN: 0-312-87001-9).
9. Chinatown, Paramount, Dir. Roman Polanski, 1974.
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