父母教养方式与学习拖延
原文作者: Hamidreza Zakeri, Behnaz Nikkar Esfahani,Maryam Razmjoee
单位 :Department of Educational Psychology, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
Special Education Department, College of Education, Shiraz University, Iran
摘要:本研究探讨了父母教养方式与学习拖延之间的关系。395名西拉大学学生(261名女生和134名男生)参加了这项研究。斯坦伯格的育儿风格量表(2005)和学习拖延量表(1984)被用作研究的量表。同时学习拖延总分对父母教养方式分量表的多元回归分析显示,“接受-投入”和“心理自主授予”方式对学习拖延有着重要和负面的预测作用,而“行为严格监督”方式对学习拖延有着重要的预测力。
关键词:学习拖延;父母教养方式
- 引言
拖延是当代社会的常见行为。拖延指延长、推迟执行任务。尽管拖延发生在日常各种任务中(Alexander&Onwuegbuzie,2007),学习拖延现象在学生中发生得非常频繁,并且被视为是有损学术进步和成功的原因,从而进行研究。据统计,在与学术生活有关的任务中,学习拖延是大约70%大学生普遍存在的现象(Ferrari, OCallaghan , amp; Newbegin, 2005)。学习拖延是在学术任务开始或完成时推迟的非理性倾向。
学习拖延这一术语意味着“不必要地拖延任务,直到经历主观不适”的行为(Solomon&Rothblum,1984),在学术领域中的特质拖延行为(Schouwenburg,2004),以及功能失调的拖延(Ferrari, Johnson, amp; McCown,1995)。Burka(2008)认为,学习拖延者往往低估综合和评估信息所需的时间。Ferrari (1991, 1992, 2000) 认为,学习拖延者由于避免任务和担心失败而未能达到学术目标。他们没有做到为实现目标做应该做的事情(Lay, 1992; Lay amp; Silverman, 1996)。Ellis和Knaus(2000)指出,学习拖延者倾向于避免活动,用借口来辩解延误并避免责备。Popoola(2005)假设学习拖延者知道该做什么,想要执行,能够执行,试图执行,但最终还是不执行。Ellis和Knaus(2002)认为它是一种“交互式的非功能性和行为回避过程”,
其特点是渴望避免一项活动,承诺在之后完成它,并使用一些借口来辩解延误并避免责备。尽管如此,有一些证据证明学习拖延与不理想的学术表现有关(Wesley, 1994; Beck, Koons amp; Milgram, 2000)。最近正在发展的另一方向的研究证明学习拖延与家庭角色有关。家庭无疑在获得适当的习惯方面发挥着至关重要的作用。Burka 和 Yuen (1983),例如,指出拖延者过于压迫他们自己,这种行为通常发生在对自己孩子的成功能力有怀疑的高要求家庭里。父母的期望和高水平的批评通常与一种与拖延呈正相关的社会规定的完美主义相关联(Ferrari&Diaz-Morales,2007; Pylchyl,Coplan,&Reide,2002)。Ferrari 和Olivetti (1993, 1994)以及Scher 和 Ferrari (2000)指出家庭动态 在拖延中扮演着一个重要的,尽管是间接的角色。
这些因素与拖延有关,如个人因素,环境因素和家庭因素。父母教养方式是与拖延有关的家庭因素之一。有几种父母教养方式已经存在(Baumrind, 1971; Baumrind, 1991; Stainberg, 2001; Baumrind, 2005)。Baumrind(1971)确定了三种质的不同的父母权威模式:独裁,权威和宽容。这种类型根据他们的父母的苛刻程度(控制,监督和成熟度要求)和反应水平(温暖,接受和参与)随后通过分类家庭进行修改(Maccoby amp; Martin, 1983)。
Steinberg(1992)设计了基于真实模型的父母教养方式评估量表,并在不同年份进行了修订(Steinberg,2001; Steinberg,2005)。这个量表有三个因素:接受-参与,心理自主-授予和行为严格-监督。接受-参与是基于一个人对于父母的关注和回应量的感知;这些父母对孩子不断变化的需求是热情,坚定,积极参与和敏感的,并且设定了真实的标准和明确的规则(Jaffe,1998)。心理自主-授予的养育方式是指父母对孩子的意见保持宽容,而且他们在亲子关系中使用民主纪律,家长也不会压迫孩子遵守规则。
研究人员探索了父母变量与青少年发展的许多不同方面之间的关系,包括成就和学业动机(Lamborn,Mounts,&Steinberg,&Dornbusch,1991),自治(Youniss&Smollar,1985),青少年自我价值 (最近的评论见Grotevant,1998)和拖延(Elliot,1993,1994; Ferrari&Elliot,1993)。一些研究人员检验了父母权威和优柔寡断的发展之间的关系(Ferrari&Olivette,1993)或慢性回避拖延(Ferrari&Olivette,1994)。Pychyl,Coplan和Reid(2002)研究了养育与拖延之间的关系,结果显示父母教养方式与拖延之间的关系。此外,Ferrari, Harriott, 和Zimmerman(1999)研究了女性和男性拖延者与母亲和父亲之间的关系质量,以及与他们合作者的更普遍的社会支持网络。有趣的是,法拉利等人(2005)报道,拖延倾向更多与父母和同性最好的朋友的关系中的冲突有关,以及与合作者的父亲和同性好朋友的关系的深度。
本研究的目的是研究父母教养方式与学习拖延之间的关系。这项研究的主要问题是哪一种父母教养方式预测学习拖延? 还检验了性别变量在这种关系中的影响。
- 方法
这项研究的参与者有395名西拉大学学生(261名女生和134名男生)通过多阶段整群随机抽样选出; 来自西拉大学的不同学院。
2.1.措施
2.1.1. 学习拖延规模(Solomon&Rothblum,1984)
学习拖延量表由27个项目组成,包含三个分量表。探索性和验证性因素分析的结果证实了伊朗使用措施的有效性。
2.1.2.父母教养方式规模(Steinberg, 2005)
Steinberg的育儿量表(2005)由24个项目量表组成,包含三个分量表:接受-参与,心理自主-授予和严格-监督。措施的可靠性通过内部一致性Cronbach alpha方法检测。接受-参与的Alpha系数为0.80,心理自主-授予为0.74,行为严格-监督为0.68。采用因子分析法调查各项措施的有效性。探索性和验证性因素分析的结果证实了伊朗使用措施的有效性。
- 结果
结果显示,“行为严格-监督”养育方式与学习拖延成正相关,“心理自主-授予”与学习拖延负相关显著(表1)。
表1 学业拖延与教养方式的相关矩阵
|
变量 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
接受-参与 |
1 |
|||
|
心理自主-授予 |
-0.14 |
1 |
||
|
行为严格-监督 |
0.30** |
-0.36** |
1 |
|
|
学习拖延 |
-0.06 |
-0.31** |
0.24* |
1 |
* plt;0.05 ** plt;0.001
学习拖延总分对父母教养方式分量表的多重回归显示,“接受-参与”和“心理自主-授予”方式显著负预测学习拖延,而“行为严格-监督”方式对学习拖延没有显著的预测能力(表2)。
表2 父母教养方式对学习拖延的多元回归
|
标准变量 |
学习拖延 |
|||||
|
预测变量 |
R |
R2 |
B |
beta; |
t |
Plt; |
|
接受-参与 |
-0.17 |
-0.13 |
2.01 |
0.05 |
||
|
心理自主-授予 |
0.46 |
0.21 |
-0.49 |
-0.33 |
5.28 |
0.00 |
|
行为严格-监督 |
0.20 |
0.08 |
1.37 |
N.S |
||
分析t检验的结果显示,在“接受-参与”教养方式中,男孩(26.98)的平均得分显著高于女孩(23.48)(t = 3.68,p lt;0.00);在学习拖延中,男孩平均得分 (58.50)显著大于女生(57.01)(t = 2.08,p lt;0.05)。尽管在“心理自主-授予”和“行为严格-监督”方面,女孩和男孩之间没有显著差异。
- 结论
本研究结果表明“接受-参与”方式是学习拖延的显著负面预测因子。这些父母是温暖的,接受者并适当地控制他们的孩子的行为。换言之,家长的监督是建立在保持个人独立性和责任心的基础上;这些父母为使他们孩子成为独立个人提供了合适的条件。他们鼓励孩子参与作业(Joon,2007); 从而减少拖延行为,提高学术水平(Steinberg等,1994)。目前的发现与Elliot的发现一致(1993)。目前的研究表明,“心理自主-授予”方式对学习拖延有显著的负面预测能力。这些父母宽容对待他们孩子的观点;然而,父母的行为是家庭低控制和纪律的结合。除此之外,他们还对儿童采用限制和逻辑思维。在这些家庭中,也有对儿童的鼓励,接受和信心。相反,一些研究人员表示,尽管这些孩子的自尊心很高,并且他们的活动有纪律,但却表现出拖延行为(Darling&Steinberg,1993)。结果表明,“行为严格-监督”方式与学习拖延之间存在显著的正相关关系。这些父母群体对孩子的发展需求很敏感,对他们的情感支持很低。除此之外,他们还采取严格的限制措施,导致父母与孩子之间的语言交流不畅。这种父母教养方式与儿童学业成绩的下降有关。因此,过严的控制和监督而不注意儿童的态度可能会导致他们的学习拖延。本研究的其他研究结果表明,男生和女生在学习拖延方面存在显著差异; 男孩表现出比女孩更多的学习拖延。社会上对女孩和男孩有着不同的社会态度;举个例子,提供适当的学习环境,父母对女孩的鼓励和支持可能会导致她们与男孩相比减少学习拖延行为。目前的研究结果提供的证据表明,父母教养方式对减少学习拖延有效。
参考文献
Beck, B. L., Koons, S. R., amp; Milgram, D. L. (2000) 行为拖延的相关和后果:学习拖延,自我意识,自尊和自我妨碍的影响. 社会行为与人格杂志,15,3-13.
Ellis, A. amp; Knaus, W. J. (2002) 克服拖延(修订版). 纽约:新美国图书馆.
Ferrari, J. R. (2001) 拖延作为自我调节失败的表现:认知负荷的影响,自我意识和“在压力下工作最好”的时间限制.人格杂志(欧洲版),15, 391-406.
Ferrari, J. R.
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附外文文献原文
Parenting Styles And Academic Procrastination
Hamidreza Zakeria *, Behnaz Nikkar Esfahanib, Maryam Razmjoeec
aDepartment of Educational Psychology,University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
bDepartment of Clinical Psychology, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
cSpecial Education Department, College of Education, Shiraz University, Iran
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between the parenting styles and academic procrastination. Three-hundred-ninetyfive Shiraz University students (261 girls and 134 boys) were participants of the study. Steinbergs Parenting Styles Scale (2005) and Academic Procrastination Scale (1984) were used as measures of the study. Simultaneous multiple regression of academic procrastination total score on the parenting styles subscales, revealed that the “acceptance-involvement ”and “psychological autonomy-granting”styles were significant and negative predictor of the academic procrastination, whereas the 'behavioral strictness-supervision' style had a significant predict power for the academic procrastination.
1. Introduction
Procrastination is a common behavior in contemporary societies. Procrastination means to put off, delay, prolong, defer, stall, or postpone performing a task. Despite the fact that procrastination occurs in all kinds of daily tasks (Alexander amp; Onwuegbuzie, 2007), academic procrastination is highly frequent in students and regarded as detrimental to academic progress and success justifying thus its study. It is estimated that academic procrastination in tasks related to academic life is a common phenomenon for about 70% of university students (Ferrari, Orsquo;Callaghen, amp; Newbegin, 2005). Academic procrastination is an irrational tendency to delay at the beginning or completion of an academic task.
The term of academic procrastination entails an 'act of needlessly delaying tasks to the point of experiencing subjective discomfort' (Solomon amp; Rothblum, 1984), trait dilatory behavior in an academic domain (Schouwenburg, 2004), and dysfunctional procrastination 'as the time past the optimal beginning point for completion of an important task that has a high probability of needing completion and that does not have unreasonable demands of personal costs associated with attempted completion' (Ferrari, Johnson, amp; McCown, 1995). Burka (2008) maintained that academic procrastinators often underestimate the time required to synthesize and evaluate information. Ferrari (1991, 1992, 200) maintained that academic procrastinators fail to attain academic goals due to task avoidance and fear of failure. They fail at doing what ought to be done to achieve goals (Lay, 1992; Lay amp; Silverman, 1996). Ellis and Knaus (2000) stated that academic procrastinators have the tendency to avoid activities, using excuses to justify delay and avoid blame. Popoola (2005) postulated that academic procrastinators know what to do, want to perform, able to perform, attempt to perform, yet do not perform in the end. a behavior avoidance process characterized by the desire to avoid an activity, the promise to get to it later, and the use of excuses to justify the delay and avoid blame. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that academic procrastination is associated with poor academic performance (Wesley, 1994; Beck, Koons amp; Milgram, 2000). Another line of research that is being currently developed relating to the family role in this process. Family undoubtedly plays an essential role in the acquisition of suitable habits -Pienda, amp; Solano, 2006). Burka and Yuen (1983), for example, suggested that procrastinators push themselves excessively, and that behavior usually occurs in demanding families that doubt on the childrsquo;s ability to be successful. Parental expecations and high levels of criticism are usually associated with a kind of socially prescribed perfectionism that is positively correlated to -Morales, 2007; Pylchyl, Coplan, amp; Reide, 2002). Ferrari and Olivetti (1993, 1994) and Scher and Ferrari (2000) suggested that family dynamics play an important, albeit indirect, role in procrastination.
The factors are related to procrastination such as individual factors, environment factors and family factors. Parenting style is as one of the family factors related to procrastination. Darling and Steinberg (1993) conceptualized the parenting styles as a constellation of attitudes toward the child that are communicated to the child, and that, taken together, create an emotional climate in which the parentsrsquo; behavior is expressed. The several categories of parenting styles have existed (Baumrind, 1971; Baumrind, 1991; Stainberg, 2001; Baumrind, 2005). Baumrind (1971) identified three qualitatively different patterns of parental authority: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. This typology was subsequently modified by categorizing families according to their levels of
parental demandingness (control, supervision, and maturity demands) and responsiveness (warmth, acceptance, and involvement) (Maccoby amp; Martin, 1983).
Steinberg (1992) designed the scale for assessment of the parenting styles that was based on real models and it did revision in during different years, as well (Steinberg, 2001; Steinberg, 2005). This scale had three factors: Acceptance-involvement, Psychological autonomy-granting, and Behavioral strictness-supervision. Acceptance-involvement is based on onersquo;s perception of amount of paying attention and responsiveness of parents; these parents are warm, firm, involved, and sensitive to their childrenrsquo;s changing needs ,and set realistic stangards and clear rules (Jaffe, 1998). Psychological autonomy-granting parenting style refers to paremtrsquo;s tolerance against childrenrsquo;s opinions, and they use democratic discipline in parent-child relationship also the parents donrsquo;t push their child
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