电子商务卖家的信誉重要吗?
——来自EBAY拍卖的证据
原文作者 Mikhail I. Melnik and James Alm
单位 Georgia State University
摘要:在进行互联网电子商务交易时,因为买家不能直接检查产品,所以必须依靠卖方的准确性和可靠性,以决定是否出价,出多少价。在这种背景下,卖家的信誉可以成为投标的一个重要因素。本文用平均价格为32.73美元的1999年的完好无损5美元的金币考察了通过网上拍卖出售的物品使,卖家的声誉对买家的决策的影响。实证结果表明,卖家的信誉对成交价格具有为微小的正影响。
关键词:网上拍卖; 信誉; 拍卖成交价格;电子商务
i.介绍
但是,对这一问题的经验分析已经相当困难的,因为主要是在量化和测量,近年来卖方市场的信誉。互联网电子商务的发展已经创造了在这个问题上,可以实证检验的环境,并有现在使用网上生成的数据,研究影响的一些研究难点在于卖方对买方的支付意愿的声誉(麦当娜和斯洛森[2000]勒金 - 赖利,布莱恩,普拉萨德和里夫斯[2000]豪泽和伍德[2000])。在本文中我们使用基于互联网的拍卖网站,包括网站本身的卖家的信誉指数,来估计信誉对卖家的产品的价格的影响。我们发现的信誉具有微小的正影响,但对于人们采购产品的意愿影响较小。
这个问题在文学产业组织已经引起广泛关注。理论模型通常在卖家的信誉和价格之间产生了正影响的关系(克莱恩和莱弗勒[1981];夏皮罗[1983];艾伦[1984];豪泽和伍德[2000]),在很大程度上是因为卖家的信誉是对于那些在交易之前,未观察到的质量特性的代理。实验分析已倾向于支持了理论结果(卡默勒和魏格特[1988])。
卖家的信誉对买家愿意支付卖家产品的价格起了重要作用吗?阿克洛夫[1970]表明,市场中卖家无法提供可靠的质量的产品可能经历营销失败。然而,可能有这样的情况,卖方的过去的声誉可以作为卖方的当前行为信息发送给买家。在这样的环境中,卖家的信誉很可能减少信息不对称,从而让市场发挥作用。
拍卖网站如eBay.com,Yahoo.com和Amazon.com都越来越流行。据eBay.com,其网站拥有超过2200万注册用户,2和在线拍卖网站由勒金 - 赖利最近的一项研究[2000]估计,最大的互联网拍卖网站,网站已经经历了约10%的收入增长率在1998年和1999年期间。这些拍卖网站通常情况下承担在其网站上列出的项目不承担任的责任,并简单地充当一个拍卖师。相反,卖方承担描述产品,把它运送,并解释了诸如交货和付款方式的详细信息的责任。重要的是,发生在批货后才进行支付。买方因而取风险发送付款时。例如,卖方可能附带损坏的项目,该项目可能会被错误地在拍卖说明,或者卖方根本不会发送该项目。
然而,大多数拍卖网站建立了一套机制,在完成有关加以之后,使买方留下评论。反馈可以是积极,中性或负面,并配上像如下语句:“已经三个月了该东西还没到!或优秀卖家,谢谢!”拍卖网站将这些意见作为正反馈或者负反馈,并调用这些反馈为卖家进行评级。无论是等级和反馈意见就可以被未来的买家看到而采用。卖家的评价实际上是显示了卖家的每次拍卖的最好的地方,也很容易看到拍卖的不好的地方。
信息为构造评价系统提供了一个方便的机制,本文的目的是估计卖家的信誉对卖方出售的产品价格的影响。使用从eBay.com拍卖收集到的数据,我们估计这次研究能够涉及到拍卖的细节,和卖家的信誉,良好的拍卖价等多方面。我们研究的对象是1999完好无损5美元的金币,其平均价格为32.73美元。我们的估计结果表明,买家愿意在卖家的的信用很高的前提下去花更多的钱来卖同样的产品。然而,信用对价格的影响还是较小的。
ii. 理论思考
有几种方法,可以对卖家信誉对拍卖成交价格的影响进行检查。也许最直观的方法是,豪泽和伍德[2000]。他们假设有两种类型的卖家,诚实和不诚实的。诚实的卖家总是提供收到货款后所承诺的产品,而不诚实卖家永远不会寄送产品。卖家的信誉得分很简单,就是卖家是诚实与不诚实,这是公开的信息。它是那么直白地表明,任何买家的预期效用是卖家的信誉的增函数,而买方愿意支付更多给信用高的卖家。其他方法也往往产生类似的结果(克莱恩和莱弗勒[1981]夏皮罗[1983]艾伦[1984])。但是,它也有可能构建声誉不提供或者是没用的信息的模型。(麦当娜和斯洛森[2000])。
在这里,信誉作用于激励卖家提供高品质的服务。然而,信誉得分本身提供了有关卖家质量的信息很少,因为在所有卖家都会选择高品质。因此在声誉对价格的实际影响是一个实证问题。在下一节中,我们提出我们估计这种影响的办法。
iii.实证分析
从拍卖网站eBay.com观测收集到从2000年5月19日至6月7日总共450条信息,观测到91个针对性的卖家。表I提供了整个数据集的描述性统计。
在我们研究的时间之前,一些theeBay.com拍卖过程的相关特征是可以被解释的。这个方法的一些重要特征是仍然存在,但应认识到,eBay的政策是连续发生变化的。
eBay社区的任何成员都可以列出一个在ebay网站上出售的产品。必须在eBay注册才可以成为会员。登记过程是很简单的,只需要的个人信息,如姓名,电话号码,以及电子邮件地址(虽然ebay只验证电子邮件地址)。拍卖是完全免费,在eBay上并不需要拍卖人的任何信用卡信息。但是如果使用个人支票或信用卡的方法,卖家需要支付eBay一定的拍卖费。
卖方负责提供该项目的任何说明在列出的产品上,例如扫描的图片。卖方需要指定这样的事情是可以接受的支付方式,航运服务和成本等,目前,卖家可以选择3,5,7,或10日的竞拍。拍卖的结束时间由拍卖开始时间确定。卖家还需要指定开标,但前提是卖家需要出价高于$.01.8的底价。
一旦拍卖列出的eBay.com网站上,则任何人都可以看到。但是,eBay的社区只有注册会员都可以竞标产品。拍卖的观众可以看到所有上面提到的信息。重要的是,观众可以看到卖家的评价和反馈意见。谁得到出价高于投标人会通过电子邮件通知,并有机会通过提高他们的出价回应。
其中一个问题是分析私人拍卖像eBay.com显示的那些是产品的异质性。出售不同的产品,而且,即使在相同的一般产品类型发售时,该产品的条件经常变化的。因为没有一致的方法来测量产品的差异,任何统计方法都可能是有问题的。然而,不同卖家出售相同产品都可以找到。特别是,在同一日期和同一档次的收藏硬币可以被认为是同质产品(例如,1999年乔治亚州季度完好无损)。
由于这些原因,我们将收集在1999元5 US金币完好无损的信息。这枚硬币有一个小钱币的价值,并导出大部分来自其含金量的价值。这枚硬币的平均价格是32.73美元(以美元计),而它的黄金价值是27.46美元(在数据收集阶段的基础上平均黄金价格)。它的价格是我们估计的被解释变量。
我们的期望是,信用将对拍卖价格产生积极的影响,而负面评级将产生负面影响。然而,如上面所指出的,有可能构造一个理论模型,其中的信誉信息内容处于平衡毫无价值的。此外,我们的声誉的措施可能有些不完善的指标,有以下几个原因:每一笔交易的结果反馈意见没有,很少有经济动机为买家提供反馈,交易完成后,卖家可以改变自己的上网身份,没有真正的标准来区分,卖家蓄意欺诈,该措施不能提供卖方质量的完整指示,卖方(和购买者)可能试图操纵。
iv. 统计结果
表II报告从几个不同规格的估计结果。首先考虑卖家的信誉的影响。正如所料,是显著的正影响。对愿意出价的拍卖项目不断的负面影响,并达到90%的水平显著或者更高的显著性水平。这些结果给了一个卖家的信誉影响买方愿意支付拍卖物品的概念实证支持。
声誉对支付意愿的潜在影响是很微小的正影响。为了说明这一点,在表II系数为0.26。该值表明,卖方提高评分,它从452加倍到904,。卖家即使评级降至1,支付意愿也只会下降1.59美元。同样,在卖方市场负面评级的改善也将提高支付意愿,但同样的影响相对使用LN上的平均估计系数。对于差评,卖方差评减少1,则从0.96到0.48会看到在支付意愿增加13美分。相反,卖方差评从零上升(最低观察到的负面评级)至13(最大),会减少1.22美元。差评对拍卖价格有显著的负影响。
运费对拍卖成交价格有显著的负影响。含商品照片、支持西用卡支付对成交价格有正影响,但是并不显著。拍卖的结束时间对成交价格也没有显著影响。
v.结论
这项研究表明,一个卖家的电子商务的信誉是卖家收到的互联网拍卖价格的决定因素,但不是主要因素。在没有关于产品其他信息或更直接的消息的时候,互联网买方必须依靠卖方的产品描述的准确性和卖家的产品交付的决定是否购买,出多少价格购买。
换句话说,卖家的信誉成为买方的意愿购买的其中一个考虑选项。我们的实证结果表明,有较好的声誉卖家可以期望获得较高的价格拍卖好。然而,尽管价格和声誉之间的关系是积极的,但影响也小。这个结果可能是部分井是由于在我们的分析中使用的项目的价格相对低廉的性质(例如,32.73美元平均价),以及其相对同质性(例如,一个1999薄荷条件5美元金币)。卖方对价格的声誉的影响的程度似乎可能会增加与双方的价值和项目的异质性。在前者的情况下,从遇到声名狼藉的卖方会增加损耗的大小;在后一种情况下,买家会更加依赖于卖家的信誉在确定被出售项目的确切性质。
在这些方面,新网站拍卖的卖家可能会发现很难与建立了良好声誉现有的销售卖家进行竞争。信誉显然提供了一些好处,消费者在网上搜索后,可以以信誉作为参考,然后进行投标拍卖。然而,这样的口碑“也可能对消费者产生混淆,如果声誉通过在线拍卖网站的发展作为一个屏障,为新上线的拍卖网站条目,并赋予的垄断权力,已经建立的在线拍卖网站将面临挑战。
外文文献出处:Melnik M I, Alm J. Does a Sellers Ecommerce Reputation Matter? Evidence from eBay Auctions[J]. General Information, 2002, 50(3):337-49.
附外文文献原文
DOES A SELLERS ECOMMERCE REPUTATION MATTER?
EVIDENCE FROM EBAY AUCTIONS
Mikhail I. Melnik{ and James Alm{
With internet commerce, a buyer cannot directly examine the product and so must rely upon the accuracy and reliability of the seller in deciding whether and how much to bid. In this setting, the sellers reputation can become an important factor in the bid. This paper examines the impact of the sellers reputation on the willingness of buyers to bid on items sold via internet auctions, using a 1999 mint condition U.S. $5 gold coin whose average price was $32.73. The empirical results show that the sellers reputation has a positive, statistically significant, but small impact on the price.
i. introduction
Does a sellers reputation matter in determining the price that buyers are willing to pay for the sellers product? Akerlof [1970] demonstrated that markets in which sellers cannot reliably signal product quality may experience market failure. However, it may well be that the past reputation of the seller can act as a mechanism by which information about the current behavior of the seller can be transmitted to buyers. In such a setting, a sellers reputation may well reduce information asymmetries, and thereby allow the market to function.
This issue has received much attention in the industrial organization literature. T
剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料
DOES A SELLERS ECOMMERCE REPUTATION MATTER?
EVIDENCE FROM EBAY AUCTIONS
Mikhail I. Melnik{ and James Alm{
With internet commerce, a buyer cannot directly examine the product and so must rely upon the accuracy and reliability of the seller in deciding whether and how much to bid. In this setting, the sellers reputation can become an important factor in the bid. This paper examines the impact of the sellers reputation on the willingness of buyers to bid on items sold via internet auctions, using a 1999 mint condition U.S. $5 gold coin whose average price was $32.73. The empirical results show that the sellers reputation has a positive, statistically significant, but small impact on the price.
i. introduction
Does a sellers reputation matter in determining the price that buyers are willing to pay for the sellers product? Akerlof [1970] demonstrated that markets in which sellers cannot reliably signal product quality may experience market failure. However, it may well be that the past reputation of the seller can act as a mechanism by which information about the current behavior of the seller can be transmitted to buyers. In such a setting, a sellers reputation may well reduce information asymmetries, and thereby allow the market to function.
This issue has received much attention in the industrial organization literature. Theoretical models have typically generated a positive relation-
ship between the reputation of the seller and the price (Klein and Leffler
[1981]; Shapiro [1983]; Allen [1984]; Houser and Wooders [2000]), in large part because the sellers reputation is a proxy for quality characteristics that are unobserved prior to the transaction. Experimental analysis has tended to support the theoretical results (Camerer and Weigelt [1988]).
However, empirical analysis of this issue has been quite difficult, due largely to difficulties in quantifying and measuring a sellers `reputation. The growth of internet commerce in recent years has created an environment in which this issue can be tested empirically, and there are now several studies that use online-generated data to study the effects of the sellers reputation on the buyers willingness to pay (Lucking-Reiley, Byran, Prasad, and Reeves [2000]; McDonald and Slawson [2000]; Houser and Wooders [2000]). In this paper we use data collected from internet-based auction websites, including the websites own index of the sellers reputation, to estimate the impact of reputation on the price of the sellers product, and we find that reputation has a positive, statistically significant, but small effect on the willingness of buyers to pay for the good.
Auction websites such as eBay.com, Yahoo.com, and Amazon.com are becoming more popular each day. According to eBay.com, its site has over 22 million registered users,2 and a recent study of online auction websites by Lucking-Reiley [2000] estimates that the largest internet auction web-sites have experienced revenue growth rates of approximately 10 per cent per month during 1998 and 1999. The design of these auctions gives an opportunity to study the effects of the sellers e-commerce reputation on the price of the sellers good. Typically, auction websites assume no responsibility for items listed on their site, and simply act as auctioneer. Instead, the seller assumes the responsibility of describing the product, shipping it, and explaining the details of such things as delivery and payment methods. Importantly, in almost all instances the shipmen occurs only after the payment is received.3 The buyer thus assumes a risk when sending a payment. For instance, the seller may ship a damaged item, the item may have been incorrectly described in the auction, or the seller may not send the item at all.
However, most auction sites have set up a mechanism that allows the buyer to leave comments about the seller after the transaction is complete. This feedback can be positive, neutral, or negative, and comes in the form of statements like `Its been three months and the item hasnt arrived yet or `Excellent seller, thank you! The auction site compiles these comments as the number of positive feedbacks minus negative feedbacks, and calls this number the sellers Rating. Both the rating and feedback comments are then available for future buyers. The sellers rating is actually displayed on top of each auction of that seller, and is easily visible to each visitor of the auction.
The existence of information used to construct Rating provides a
convenient mechanism for estimating the impact of a sellers reputation on the price of products sold by the seller. This is the purpose of this paper. Using data collected from auctions on eBay.com, we estimate a reduced-form equation that relates various features of the good, the details of the auction, and several measures of the sellers reputation to the auction price of the good. We examine in particular a 1999 mint condition U.S. $5 gold coin whose average price was $32.73 in the period we analyzed. Our estimation results indicate that buyers are willing to pay more for a good the more favorable is the sellers reputation, a result that is robust across a variety of specifications. However, the impact of reputation is generally small.
ii. theoretical considerations
There are several ways in which the effects of reputation on price can be examined. Perhaps the most intuitive approach is that of Houser and Wooders [2000]. They assume an auction with two types of sellers, honest and dishonest. The honest seller always delivers the promised good after receipt of the payment, while the dishonest seller never delivers the good. The sellers reputation score is simply the probability that the seller is honest, information that is publicly available. It is then straightforward to show that the expected utility of any buyer is
剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料
资料编号:[287240],资料为PDF文档或Word文档,PDF文档可免费转换为Word
您可能感兴趣的文章
- 饮用水微生物群:一个全面的时空研究,以监测巴黎供水系统的水质外文翻译资料
- 步进电机控制和摩擦模型对复杂机械系统精确定位的影响外文翻译资料
- 具有温湿度控制的开式阴极PEM燃料电池性能的提升外文翻译资料
- 警报定时系统对驾驶员行为的影响:调查驾驶员信任的差异以及根据警报定时对警报的响应外文翻译资料
- 门禁系统的零知识认证解决方案外文翻译资料
- 车辆废气及室外环境中悬浮微粒中有机磷的含量—-个案研究外文翻译资料
- ZigBee协议对城市风力涡轮机的无线监控: 支持应用软件和传感器模块外文翻译资料
- ZigBee系统在医疗保健中提供位置信息和传感器数据传输的方案外文翻译资料
- 基于PLC的模糊控制器在污水处理系统中的应用外文翻译资料
- 光伏并联最大功率点跟踪系统独立应用程序外文翻译资料
