The study of executive equity incentive in listed company
Wayne Guay
Abstract:Equity incentive system in the 50 s last century, which mainly focuses on the background of solution for the benefits of principal-agent conflict, it is the fundamental starting point will be unified management and shareholder interests, incentive management pay more attention to the long-term development of the enterprise, reduce its short-term behavior. Company executiversquo;s equity incentive core goal is to solve the objective function between executives and shareholders of listed companies, the contradiction of principal-agent promote benefit community formed between company executives and shareholders, motivate executives to create more value for shareholders and society. Its biggest advantage is that in stock appreciation of spreads as the remuneration of senior management personnel will serve as a representative of the interests of the senior managers of a companys value increasing function, promote the consistency of the operators and shareholders realize channel. In recent years, the equity incentive managements opportunistic behavior such as negative effect, gradually attention by regulators, theory and practice.
Keywords: the listed company, incentive mechanism, equity incentive, senior executives
Catalogue
1 Introduction 1
2 Literature Review 1
3 The implementation of the senior executiversquo;s equity incentive process 2
4 Suggestion 4
1 Introduction
Can know from the most basic economic man hypothesis of economics, management is not natural to carry out their duties diligently and there is no greed, they satisfy the pursuit of personal interests, the main purpose of their work is to obtain the economic remuneration; At the same time they hold positions of power holds the important power, resources and information, so its possible self-interest behavior to harm the interests of investors. Especially as the separation of the ownership of a modern corporate control and the management members became the 'actual controller' of the company, and ownership of the owner of the large shareholders to members of the companys management for effective supervision, this gives the management using the master control of the implementation of opportunism behavior of the space.
Equity incentive is to point to in the business operators, the core staff by contract, on the basis of management and implement the responsibility system for assets, by giving the business operators, the core employee shares and options such as corporate equity share, make it to the identity of the shareholders in the corporate decision-making, share the profits and risks. Equity incentive mechanism to make enterprises senior talents of individual interests and overall interests closely relates in together, is a kind of effective incentives to reduce agency costs. In mature markets such as Europe and the United States, equity incentive is regarded as the important ways to solve the modern enterprise to entrust an agency relationship, and promote the company executives and shareholders is the effective means to form a community of interests.
2 Literature Review
Holmstrom (1979) 2 think, if the companys shareholders to observe, identify the operators operation and management activities, and the corresponding business performance, then pay a fixed salary and to punish the operators default behavior way, can ensure that the operator work hard, for the correct operation and management decision-making, create the biggest value for shareholders. However, due to the separation of ownership and control of modern company system has characteristics of agency problem between shareholders and managers, in general, shareholders cannot supervise operators action, also dont know whether the operators effort level is optimal.
Jensen and Meckling (1976), the study found that enterprises performance as a company manager increase with the increase of the stake.Mehran (1995) for the manufacturing enterprises of 1979 and 1980 in the United States after data for empirical research Gui that managers shareholding is significant positive correlation with corporate performance.
Morck and Vishny (1988) argues that management group interest convergence and defense of these two effects.Interest convergence, refers to the companys market value and is closely relative to the number of managers shareholding; Defense effect, refers to when managers shareholding reaches a certain range, the companys market value is negative correlation with the number of managers shareholding. Therefore, when the proportion of enterprise management changes, the interests of the convergence and defense of these two kinds of effect, thus determines the volatility of the enterprise value changes.
McConnell and Serves (1990) in the extension Morck Shleifer and Vishny (1988), on the basis of research Gui, examine the managers shareholding and institutional investors holding its influence on the value of the company. They found that the value of the company and managers shareholding inverted U type nonlinear relationship, critical stake is about 40 to 50%.Hemalin and Weishach (1991), the study found that when the managers shareholding ratio from 0% to 1%, 1% and 5%, 5% to 20% and 5% more than four interval, the companys performance is negatively related to the ownership respectively were positively correlated, and the change trend of positive correlation, negative correlation. In addition, Mr Singh and Davidson (2003). Research has shown that, in the listed companies in the United States, managers shareholding can better put the interests of managers and shareholders toget
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上市公司高管股权激励研究
Wayne Guay
摘要:股权激励制度于上个世纪五十年代出现,其产生的背景主要是着眼于解决因委托代理带来的利益矛盾,它的根本出发点在于将管理层与股东利益统一,激励管理层更加关注企业的长远发展,减少其短视行为。公司高管股权激励的核心目标是解决上市公司高管和股东之间目标函数不一致所产生的委托代理矛盾,促进公司高管和股东之间形成利益共同体,激励公司高管为股东和社会创造更多的价值。它最大优点在于以股票升值所产生的价差作为对高级管理人员的报酬,将作为代理人的高级管理人员的利益变成公司价值的增函数,促进了经营者和股东利益实现渠道的一致性。最近几年,股权激励带来管理层的机会主义行为等负面效应,开始逐渐被监管部门、理论界和实务界所关注。
关键词:上市公司,激励机制,股权激励,高管人员
目 录
1引言 1
2文献综述 1
3实施高管股权激励程序 2
4建议 3
1引言
从经济学里最基础的经济人假设可以知道,管理层并不是天生地勤勉尽责以及毫无贪念,他们追求个人利益的满足,他们工作的最主要目的就是获得经济报酬;同时他们身居高位,掌握着重要的权力、资源和信息,因此很可能存在自利行为从而损害投资者的利益。尤其是随着现代公司控制权和所有权的分离,管理层成员成为公司的实际控制人,而有公司所有权的广大股东难以对公司管理层成员进行有效的监督,这就给了管理层运用其掌握的控制权实施机会主义行为的空间。
股权激励是指在对企业经营者、核心员工进行契约式管理的基础上,并落实资产责任制,通过赋予经营者、核心员工股票和期权等股权分享方式,使其以股东的身份参与企业决策、分享利润和承担风险。股权激励机制使企业高级人才的个人利益与整体利益紧密联系在一起,是一种有效的激励机制,可以降低代理成本。在欧美等成熟资本市场,股权激励被认为是解决现代企业委托代理关系的重要途径,能够促进公司高管和股东形成利益共同体。
2文献综述
Holmstrom(1979)认为如果公司股东能够观察、确定经营者的经营管理活动,以及相应的企业绩效,然后采用支付固定工资和惩罚经营者的违约的方式,可以确保经营者努力工作,为正确的经营管理决策,为股东创造最大的价值。然而由于现代公司制度的所有权与控制权的分离,股东与经营者之间存在代理问题的特征。一般而言,股东不能监督经营者的行为,也不知道经营者的努力水平是否最优。
Jensenamp;Meckling (1976)研究发现,企业的绩效随着公司持股比例的增加而增加。Mehran(1995)对美国制造业1979年和1980年的数据,进行实证研究后认为,管理层持股与公司绩效显著正相关。
Morckamp;Vishny(1988)认为,管理人员持股会产生利益趋同和防御这两种效应。利益趋同是指公司市场价值与经营者持股数量成正相关;防御作用是指当管理者持股达到一定范围时,公司的市场价值与管理持股数量负相关。因此当企业管理的比例发生变化时,利益趋同和防御这两种效应此消彼长,进而决定了企业价值波动的变化。
McConnellamp;Serves(1990)在扩展Morckamp;Vishny(1988)的研究的基础上,考察管理者持股和机构投资者持股对公司价值的影响。他们发现,公司价值和管理者持股呈倒U型的非线性关系,临近持股比例大约是40%到50%。Hemalinamp;weishach(1991),研究发现,当管理者持股比例在0%-1%,1%-5%,5%-20%和20%以上四区间,公司表现为所有权分别呈正相关、负相关、正相关、负相关的变化趋势。此外,Mr Singhamp;Davidson(2003)研究表明在美国上市公司中,管理者持股可以更好地把管理者和股东的利益放在一起,降低管理者的代理成本。
3实施高管股权激励程序
多数由股东组成的股权激励委员的议事规则由股东大会通过,并由公司董事会领导。全面落实证监会负责规划设计和实施股权激励计划,并做出书面规则。委员会有权决定年度股权激励受益人、赠与额度、赠与时间。在突发情况下对股权激励计划进行解释和重新安排等事宜。公司要依据有关法律规定,根据公司股票来源的实际情况,合理选择预留股票、增发新股、股票回购,或由原大股东股权转让部分股权激励计划等方式解决股票来源。高级管理人员往往是股权激励的主要授予和激励对象。在股权激励发展的早期阶段,股权激励的受益人主要是企业高管人员,高管获得股权激励的好处,并给公司带来效益。股权激励的另一种对象是公司的董事,包括员工、董事和非雇员董事。但在股权激励下他们获赠的董事持股数量远低于CEO。目前,国际大公司股权激励计划的授予对象有一个上升的趋势,从原来的首席执行官等几个关键职位,发展至今,包括高级管理人员、董事、中层管理者、技术骨干,甚至普通员工、外国专家、顾问或律师等多元化的参与主体。
股权激励的授予的数量受股票价值、股票总数量、相关法律法规、工资构成比例、职位、工作等个人因素以及公司业绩等因素的影响。国际上有三种授予期权数量的方法:一是根据期望目标确定股权数量;其次,利用经验公式计算股权价值倒推出股权数量。在授予的股权激励协议中应说明相应股权激励的有效期限。股权激励必须在这个期限内实现,这一期限也被称为期权的寿命期限。对于股票期权的有效期一般为股票期权协议书签订后的10年,强制有效期为3-5年不等,被激励人如果超过期限未行权,将被视为自动放弃股权激励。股权激励持有人按行权所得数量享有股息。由于国家间不同的税法,针对高管人员行权多得的股票收益是否支付税收和税率,根据国家税法的具体规定而定。符合法定股权的收益可按资本利得税税率缴纳税款,享受税收优惠。股权激励可能由于股权激励计划的失败、授权人和公司之间的雇佣关系终止、授权人由于各种个人原因不能行权而终止或取消。因为计划终止的原因各不相同,股权激励的处理方式也有很大差别。例如,高管人员在任职期内死亡,那么股票期权可以作为遗产转至其继承人手中;高管自动辞职或因故被开除,公司倾向于取消其所有的股权激励;无论是未获取的还是已获得而尚未行权的股权激励均会因高管人员的离职而自动失效。
4建议
针对股权激励模式在我国存在的问题和障碍,本文认为,从以下几个方面进行完善,为股权激励的实施铺平道路。
建立完善有效的经理人市场。专业的职业经理人队伍可以促进企业管理升级和健康发展。成熟的经理人选拔市场是经理选拔机制运行的必要条件,而合格的公司管理人是股权激励制度的重点对象。通常是先有经理人市场再有股权激励,但在我国尚未建立职业经理人市场,要确保股权激励的健康发展,就必须建立职业经理人市场。经理人资源只有通过市场配置才能发挥其最佳效用。成熟的经理人市场才能给公司管理人员一个合理的市场价格,从而解决经营管理人员的折股等问题。
建立科学的绩效考核体系。任何一个不与股权激励计划挂钩的业绩都是无效的,各类企业经营者绩效考核体系如何确定,具体如何计算,如何与股权激励挂钩等问题需要进一步讨论。科学的业绩评价标准将为股权激励机制提供一个度量标准。首先,业绩考核评价应该具有客观、公正、可操作性等特点。其次,确定评价指标体系应包括的内容,即公司哪些业绩是由经营者创造的,如企业增长率,净资产收益率、资产保值增值、偿债能力等。再次,对企业经营者绩效的综合评价,除了考虑财务指标,也需要考虑非财务指标,比如,公司高管的敬业程度,员工对公司高管的满意程度等,都应纳入评价指标体系。最后,需要独立、公正的中介公司参与,建立一套更加科学、完善的经营绩效评价体系,客观评价其经营业绩,记录企业的经营业绩。
完善公司治理结构。上市公司的治理结构是股权激励的微观基础,而我国资本市场出现的各种问题和矛盾都将会把矛头指向最基础、最核心的公司治理这个环节。公司治理结构包括激励机制、约束机制和经营者选择机制在内的一个完整体系。现代企业的公司治理不仅是控制权和监督权的分配,更重要的是剩余索取权和剩余控制权的分配,股权激励的本质是让公司高管有一定的剩余索取权并承担相应风险,健全的公司治理结果能够保证经理人的劳动得到合理的报酬,同时也能预防管理者的短视行为,真正保护管理者的合理收益,又保护委托人的利益。
科学合理确定股权激励方案,对上市公司高管进行股权激励,一定要把握好度,既不能缺乏激励,也不能激励过度。激励不足导致企业经营的短视行为,不利于企业的长期发展,激励过度会损害所有者的权益。在股权激励方案的制定过程中,必须合理制定股权激励的数量,通过借鉴科学的期权定价收益理论模型等确定激励的力度,估计期权的价值,并于企业长期绩效挂钩,实现股票期权、利润期权、所有者期权的统一。采用科学的方法制定股权激励计划,有助于防止市场恶意炒作和异常波动对股权激励的影响。
文献来自:Wayne Guay. 'The study of executive equity incentive in listed company.' Journal of accounting and economics (2015): 151-184.
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