美国的绿道规划：起源和近期案例研究外文翻译资料

本科毕业设计（论文）

外文翻译

美国的绿道规划：起源和近期案例研究

原文作者：J.G. Faacute;bos;

国籍：American

出处：Landscape and Urban Planning

专业： 旅游管理 学生姓名：余幸茹

指导老师姓名：许振晓

摘要：绿道保护着具有生态学意义的自然系统，维持生物多样性并为野生动植物的迁徙提供了条件。 它们为人们提供了在城市和农村地区广泛的休闲机会，包括散步，远足，骑自行车，游泳，划船以及许多其他户外休闲活动。 它们为人们提供了重要的历史遗产和文化价值。

关键词：绿道；历史遗产；文化价值；自然系统；野生

本文的论点是，绿道规划的起源可以追溯到美国风景园林专业的开始。通过广泛的文献综述，以下论据得以证实。它描述了规划发展的三个阶段，从弗雷德里克·劳·奥尔姆斯特德的波士顿翡翠项链开始，这是弗雷德里克·劳·奥尔姆斯特德在19世纪末和奥姆斯特德的学生查尔斯·埃利奥特对波士顿公园系统的规划。这种演变的第二阶段是在20世纪初期。这次，奥尔姆斯特（Olmsted）的儿子和艾略特（Eliot）的侄子扩大了奥尔姆斯特（Olmsted）和艾略特（Eliot）的工作。此处回顾的绿道演变的第三阶段是由菲尔·刘易斯，伊恩·麦克哈格等人在第二次世界大战后的几十年（也称为环境十年）期间进行的。有趣的是，绿道规划的前三个阶段的所有规划人员都是景观设计师。
在描述了美国绿道计划的起源之后，本文追溯了1980年代和1990年代的绿道计划的开始，并总结了这两个十年的绿道文献。这篇文献综述的结论是，尽管绿道运动已在美国产生了数千项绿道计划和项目，但它只产生了少量出版物，这些出版物被存放在研究图书馆中。不幸的是，有关绿色通道项目的绿色通道报告仅在有限的发行范围内出版，其中只有少数报告成为“学者文献”的一部分。其次，绿道报告很少包含相关的文献综述或研究方法的描述。因此，它们的研究和教育价值是有限的。

本文的第二部分描述了美国目前的两个绿道计划。这两个计划都是在马萨诸塞大学的景观设计系发起并完成的。作者担任这两个计划的共同主任。第一个计划是针对新英格兰地区的愿景计划，该计划由位于美国东北角的六个州组成。该计划是为1999年美国景观设计师协会百周年会议准备的。其目的是激发景观建筑专业人士加入绿道运动。第二个计划建立在美国政府，非政府机构和过去一个世纪的有远见的计划者的计划工作之上。我们的团队绘制了所有已发布的绿道和绿地；然后收集了政府机构，非政府组织（NGO）和个人的最新建议。最后，我们的团队提出了其他建议，这些建议如果得到实施，将在美国国家一级建立理想的绿道和绿地网络。该计划将保护所有对国家重要且对环境敏感的走廊和区域或绿地。它还将为美国居民提供更多的娱乐机会，第三，它将恢复所有具有全国意义的历史和文化绿道。

总而言之，该国家远景规划的目的是根据景观和绿道规划的原则，显示合理的规划方向。它说明了全面规划绿道的重要性。它呼吁保护自然，发展适当的休闲用途，并保护和恢复宝贵的历史/文化资源。毫不奇怪，美国绝大多数的历史和文化资源都在河道之内，而河道构成了许多绿道的框架。确实，绿道规划已经发展成为各种规模和规划级别的多功能绿道走廊的规划工具，范围从站点到市政，区域到国家级。

作者将绿道定义为具有生态意义的走廊，休闲绿道或具有历史和文化价值的绿道。本文的第一部分首先将绿道规划的起源追溯到19世纪下半叶的早期景观建筑。然后，它突出了20世纪绿道的演变。在本文的第二部分中，作者介绍了两个基于过去和当前的绿道规划活动的绿道规划案例研究。这些案例研究采用的是新英格兰和美国的绿道规划计划。

如果实施《新英格兰绿道愿景计划》，它将影响该地区约一半的土地使用。这两个项目的绿道规划的主要重点是保护和适当利用沿河走廊的环境敏感区。次要重点是废弃的铁路走廊，可用作连接人口稠密地区的步道。

本文有两个目标。首先，展示19世纪和20世纪的美国景观设计师如何创造大胆的愿景，以影响地区，州和国家一级的土地使用。第二个目标是提出两个近期的绿道远景规划，一个针对新英格兰，另一个针对美国大陆。这两个计划都以景观设计师的作品和先前的政府行动为基础。

方法：

在描述研究方法之前，必须先对两个计划中使用的绿道进行定义。从文献回顾中可以得出结论，绿道分为三大类，并且在综合的绿道系统或网络中越来越重叠。这些是：

1.具有重要生态走廊和自然系统的绿道；

2.休闲绿道，通常靠近水，步道和风景；

3.具有历史遗产和文化价值的绿道

用于这两个案例研究的绿道规划方法包括一个简单的五步程序，旨在整合现有的绿道，所有机构，非营利组织的当前建议以及我们团队的建议，以使绿道变得更加完整和全面。五个步骤如下：

步骤1：研究和绘制所有现有的绿道和绿地，包括为生态/自然保护，娱乐和历史/文化价值预留的远足径和铁路。

步骤2：研究并绘制所有当前计划提案，这些提案将增加上述三个类别中的每一个的绿道和绿地。

步骤3：在每个级别（新英格兰的区域级别和美国的国家级别）的每个绿色通道类别之间建立连接。

步骤4：为自然保护，娱乐，历史/文化资源以及远足小径和铁轨创建单一目的的计划。

步骤5：创建一个综合的绿道愿景计划，该计划将所有现有，当前和拟议的绿道/绿地计划整合在一起，并提供绿道的公里数和绿地的公顷数的统计信息。

当前提出的绿道和绿地。我们的研究确定了一个美国联邦倡议和两个非政府组织，它们为美国近年来提出了重要的绿道建议。如果实施这些建议，它们将为国家步道系统再增加近50,000公里（Ernst等，2000）。联邦倡议由克林顿总统完成，克林顿总统将美国的14条河流指定为美国传统河流。克林顿政府的目标是根据USDI国家公园管理局的评估结果，确定美国所有具有重大历史和遗产价值的河流。新的共和党政府没有接受克林顿总统的倡议。

在布什总统任职期间，这个令人兴奋的遗产河概念的未来不确定。虽然“遗产河”概念目前被搁置，但过去的历史表明，这种类型的概念将来可能会在更为有利的政治气候中重新出现。非政府组织Rails-to-Trails的前任主席David Burwell提出的另一项倡议更有可能实施。 Burwell的愿景是在整个美国建立22,500英里或约36,000 km的国家重要步道网络。伯威尔（Burwell）设想该州和地区步道网络类似于连接美国州和地区公路网的国家州际公路系统。

Wildlands项目提出了第三项为美国的绿地增加额外保护的国家建议。有关北美大陆的提议在一本名为“大陆保护”的书中得到了提倡（Souleacute;等，1999），并将创建一个区域保护区网络。该小组旨在建立生物保护区，实现区域和大陆生物多样性的恢复。最重要的是，他们希望以允许“自然统治”指定核心地区的方式影响美国大约一半的土地使用决策（Souleacute;和Terborgh，第99-128页）。由于美国的西部大部分地区为公有制，因此“荒地项目”已在全国范围内新增了3亿公顷的土地，以提供足够的保护，以实现其“洲际保护目标”。

正如作者所看到的那样，“国家荒地项目”的提案非常具有概念性，在提交给决策者之前需要更多的工作和更多的针对性。但是，该建议的重要性在于它是由一个受人尊敬的科学小组提出的，该小组也得到了关注环境的基金会的支持。需要对该计划进行更多的宣传，以影响联邦政府的政策以及那些为生物多样性进行规划的政策。

结论：

绿道至少有三大好处。首先，绿道保护着具有生态学意义的自然系统：主要是沿着河流，沿海地区和山脊线；绿道保持生物多样性并为野生动植物的迁徙提供条件。其次，绿道网络为大都市地区和农村地区的人们提供了广泛的休闲机会，包括散步，远足，骑自行车，游泳，划船以及许多其他户外休闲活动。第三，绿道网络为人们提供了重要的历史遗产和文化价值。大多数绿道都位于河流和海滨。这些地区或走廊估计有90％的文化遗产和文化资源位于该地区或走廊（Dawson，1995年； Lewis，1964年）。新英格兰和美国的绿道计划设想了多用途绿道，并发现沿河流和海岸线有许多相同的资源共存。因此，这些计划为其他大型国家和地区绿道计划提供了见识。

附外文文献原文

Greenway planning in the United States: Its origins and recent case studies

原文作者：J.G. Faacute;bos;

国籍：American

出处：Landscape and Urban Planning

Abstract: Greenways protect ecologically significant natural systems, maintain bio-diversity and provide for wildlife migration. They provide people with extensive recreational opportunities in both urban and rural areas for walking, hiking, bicycling, swimming, boating among many other outdoor recreational activities. They provide the population with significant historical heritage and cultural values.

Keywords: Greenways; Historical heritage; Cultural values; Natural systems; Wildlife

The thesis of this paper is that the origin of greenway planning goes back to the beginning of the landscape architecture profession in the United States. This thesis is substantiated below through an extensive literature review. It describes three phases of this evolution of planning which started with Frederick Law Olmstedrsquo;s Bostonrsquo;s Emerald Necklace, the planning of this Boston Park System by Frederick Law Olmsted, during the late 19th century and by Charles Eliot, a pupil of Olmsted. The second phase of this evolution was during the early 20th century. This time, Olmstedrsquo;s sons and Eliotrsquo;s nephew expanded the work of Olmsted and Eliot. The third phase of this greenway evolution reviewed here was by Phil Lewis, Ian McHarg and others during the post-World War II decades, also known as the environmental decades. Interestingly, all planners of these first three phases of greenway planning were landscape architects.

After describing the origin of greenway planning in America, the paper traces the beginning of greenway planning during the 1980s and 1990s, and summarizes the greenway literature of these two decades. The result of this literature review concludes that while the greenway movement has resulted in thousands of greenway plans and projects in the USA, it produced only a sma

剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料

Greenway planning in the United States: Its origins and recent case studies

原文作者：J.G. Faacute;bos;

国籍：American

出处：Landscape and Urban Planning

Abstract: Greenways protect ecologically significant natural systems, maintain bio-diversity and provide for wildlife migration. They provide people with extensive recreational opportunities in both urban and rural areas for walking, hiking, bicycling, swimming, boating among many other outdoor recreational activities. They provide the population with significant historical heritage and cultural values.

Keywords: Greenways; Historical heritage; Cultural values; Natural systems; Wildlife

The thesis of this paper is that the origin of greenway planning goes back to the beginning of the landscape architecture profession in the United States. This thesis is substantiated below through an extensive literature review. It describes three phases of this evolution of planning which started with Frederick Law Olmstedrsquo;s Bostonrsquo;s Emerald Necklace, the planning of this Boston Park System by Frederick Law Olmsted, during the late 19th century and by Charles Eliot, a pupil of Olmsted. The second phase of this evolution was during the early 20th century. This time, Olmstedrsquo;s sons and Eliotrsquo;s nephew expanded the work of Olmsted and Eliot. The third phase of this greenway evolution reviewed here was by Phil Lewis, Ian McHarg and others during the post-World War II decades, also known as the environmental decades. Interestingly, all planners of these first three phases of greenway planning were landscape architects.

After describing the origin of greenway planning in America, the paper traces the beginning of greenway planning during the 1980s and 1990s, and summarizes the greenway literature of these two decades. The result of this literature review concludes that while the greenway movement has resulted in thousands of greenway plans and projects in the USA, it produced only a small amount of publications, which are placed in research libraries. Unfortunately, the greenway reports of greenway projects are published for limited distribution and only a handful of these reports become part of “scholarly literature”. Secondly, the greenway reports seldom include relevant literature review or descriptions of the study methodology. Hence, their research and educational value is limited.

The second part of the paper describes two current greenway plans in the United States. Both of these plans were initiated and done at the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of Massachusetts. The author served as co-director of both of these plans. The first plan is a vision plan for the New England region, which consists of six states in the Northeast corner of the United States. This plan was prepared for the Centennial Conference of the American Society of Landscape Architects in 1999. Its aim was to stimulate landscape architectural professionals to join the greenway movement. The second plan builds on planning efforts of the US governmental, non-governmental agencies and some visionary planners of the past century. Our team mapped all published greenways and greenspaces; then gathered recent proposals by governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGO) and individuals. Finally, our team made additional proposals, which if implemented would result in an ideal network of greenways and greenspaces at the national level in the USA. This plan would protect all nationally significant and environmentally sensitive corridors and areas or green spaces. It would also provide the population of the United States with increased recreational opportunities and thirdly, it would restore all nationally significant historical and cultural greenway corridors.

In summary, the aim of this national vision plan was to show a plausible planning direction based on the principles of both, landscape and greenway planning. It illustrates the importance of planning greenways comprehensively. It calls for nature protection, for the development of appropriate recreational uses, and for the preservation and restoration of valuable historical/cultural resources. Not surprising, the vast majority of the nationrsquo;s historical and cultural resources are within river corridors, which constitutes the framework for many greenways corridors. Greenway planning has, indeed, evolved as a planning tool of multipurpose greenway corridors at every scale and planning levels, ranging from sites through municipal and regional to national levels.

The author defines greenways as ecologically significant corridors, recreational greenways and, or greenways with historical and cultural values. The first part of this paper traces first the origin of greenway planning back to the early landscape architecture during the second half of the 19th century. Then, it highlights the evolution of greenways over the 20th century. In the second part of the paper, the author presents two greenway planning case studies which build on past and current greenway planning activities. These case studies are in the form of greenway vision plans for New England and the United States.

The New England Greenway Vision Plan, if implemented, would influence about half of the land use in the region. The primary focus of the greenway planning for both projects is on the protection and appropriate uses of environmentally sensitive areas along river corridors. The secondary focus is on abandoned railway corridors, which can be used as trails that link populated areas.

This paper has two objectives. First, to demonstrate how American landscape architects of the 19th and 20th century created bold visions that affected the land use at the regional, state and national level. The second objective is to present two recent greenway vision plans, one for New England, and another for the continen

剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料

资料编号：[275124]，资料为PDF文档或Word文档，PDF文档可免费转换为Word