教师与学生视角下的小学家庭作业
Marina Costaa, Ana Paula Cardosoa,*, Carla Lacerdaa,
Ana Lopesa, Celeste Gomesb
摘要:本研究的目的是了解教师和学生对四年级学生的家庭作业的看法和它的关系与学习的行为。一个描述性的相关性质进行比较研究,包括问卷调查老师和学生。这项研究涵盖了十四个内拉什市公立学校的小学教师样本(葡萄牙中部地区)和128名学生(年龄从9岁到11岁的男女),他们所占的百分比相同。数据表明,所有的教师要求他们的学生做功课,特别是在葡萄牙语和数学领域,并认为这是必不可少的学习。并且学生们普遍喜欢做家庭作业,并认为它很重要。在大多数时候,如果学生能自己决定,他们也会选择做作业,因为作业有助于他们巩固所教的内容。了解教师和学生对家庭作业的看法是发展教学策略的基础有助于所有学生的学业成就。
Abstract:This study aims to understand the perceptions of teachers and students of the 4th year of schooling regarding homework and its relationship with the act of studying. A comparative research of a descriptive-correlational nature was undertaken, comprising two questionnaires one to the teachers and another to their pupils. The study covered a sample of fourteen primary teachers from all Nelas municipality state schools (central region of Portugal), and 128 pupils, aged from 9 to 11 years and of both sexes, in identical percentage. Data obtained show that all teachers ask their students to do homework, especially in the areas of Portuguese and Mathematics and consider it essential for learning. The students generally like to do their homework and consider it important. For the most part, if they could decide, students would do homework because it helps them to consolidate the content taught. Knowing the teachers and students perceptions about the homework is fundamental to developing teaching strategies that contribute to the academic success of all students.
关键词:家庭作业;小学教育;小学生;教师
Keyword: Homework; primary education; pupils; teachers
1.概述
第一个基础教育作业(1-4年级)周期是普通程序,并且占用孩子们的日常生活的一个重要组成部分。作业定义为由学校老师为了开展在非上课时间,没有老师的直接指导学生的任务,而任务正在进行中(Cooper,1989年,7页)。换句话说,作业是要满足孩子课后活动,并采取多种形式,如拷贝、成分、数值运算,表等。
作业一般被视为巩固学生在学校学习到的东西,并允许延长学习在正规学校教育的时间一种手段(佩勒努,1995)。作业是一种加强学习和促进正确的学习方法和自主工作能力的工具,(Cooper, 2001; Cooper, Robinson amp;Patall, 2006; Cornoamp;Xu, 2004; Epstein, 2001; Epstein amp; Van Voorhis, 2001; Marques, 2001)。
然而,当家庭作业是过度的和重复的,学生会认为作业是一个程序,这会导致学生缺乏兴趣和情绪疲劳,以至于无法帮助孩子们重视学校或创造一个对学习的行为的积极感觉。家庭作业的有效化,这对学生来说是有意义的,是相关的,刺激和可访问的,这会使孩子们积极开展,并能够成功地完成任务。(Arauacute;jo, 2009; Marujo, Netoamp; Perloiro,2002; Meirieu, 1998; Silva, 2004)
家长的参与是鼓励学生做作业(Villas-Boas, 2000a, 2000b),并且致力于有意义的学校学习,举例来说,把一个已经在学校学过的运动或规则去承受或者引到生活的环境中(Meirieu, 1998)。正如布鲁姆所说(1982),所有的父母,无论他们的教育水平,都可以鼓励帮助他们的孩子,即关于学校的期望,活动的探索环境和工作习惯,这会积极影响学生在学校的表现。父母应该给孩子他们需要的支持,不要忘记这是学生要做的作业,家长需要引导和支持他们所处的困难(Marques, 2001)。家长的不积极参与或对作业的支持和监管的缺失使得使用作为范例和学习的教育行为的机会损失(Rosaacute;rio et al., 2005)。
然而,许多儿童进行家庭作业的环境通常结构不良,这意味着许多这些学生在没有指导和适当支持的情况下单独完成作业,因此很容易分心。 缺乏积极的家长参与或低投资,缺乏对家庭作业的支持和充分的监测导致失去使用这种教育行动作为模型和学习的时刻的机会(Rosaacute;rio等人,2005年)
考虑到家庭作业的不同观点,必须比较教师和学生的观点,以便了解其在教学过程中的相关性。 因此产生了这项研究的问题:“家庭作业如何被Nelas市(葡萄牙)的4年级教师和学生所察觉,如果他们能决定,学生会做家庭作业吗?
在这方面,我们打算分析教师对家庭作业的重视程度,检查家庭作业的分配频率,以及整个班级的任务是否相同,确定最常见的家庭作业类型,确定家庭作业验证以及如何纠正,也知道教师对家庭作业及其有用性的意见。同时,我们还试图分析学生在家庭作业方面的感受,一旦有必要实现是否乐意做,是否确定学生想做的家庭作业的类型和原因。我们还打算知道被访者学生对于他们是否更容易从家庭作业中学习,知道执行这些任务的背景(地点,花费的时间,帮助和时间留给其他活动)的意见,以及 确定他们是否可以决定,是否会做家庭作业。最后,我们打算验证是否有决定做功课,并在执行这些任务的享受之间显著的差别,它需要时间来成全他们,事实上,学生有(或没有)的时间留给其他活动。因此,有了下面的假设。
假设1 - 在做作业的决定和享受之间有显着的差异;
假设2 - 做家庭作业的决定和花费的时间量之间存在显着差异;
假设3 - 做家庭作业的决定与剩余的其他活动的时间之间存在显着差异。
- 方法
2.1.数据收集和样本
这项研究旨在分析家庭作业如何被第四年的教师和学生感知。 因此,它是基于通过问卷调查所进行的描述性和相关性研究(Fortin,2000)。 本研究的目标人群包括两个Nelas市政府学校分组(葡萄牙中部地区)第四年的教师和学生,更确切地说,由四所学校组成的Nelas学校分组和Canas de Senhorim学校分组 ,有五所学校。
我们选择了四年级,因为学生已经处于一个水平,他们能够给出书面答复,具有一致性和一些严谨性,而且因为在过去几年,学生最肯定地承担了几个作业任务,并对此学科有意见。
估计人口为144名学生和14名教师:来自Nelas集团的101名学生和7名教师,以及来自加那利群岛的43名学生和7名教师。 获得128名学生问卷(答复率为88.8%),并由教师(全体)回答14份问卷。
调查问卷分发给所有学生和教师,以便获得尽可能扩大和代表人口的样本。 这些是方便的样本(Hill&Hill,2000),因为它们是根据实际顺序的标准选择的,与访问参与者的容易性有关。
在接受调查的14位教师中,只有一位是男性。 他们的年龄在40至58岁之间,超过一半的受访者是43岁或以上。 平均年龄为45.35岁,标准差为5.904。 很明显,所有教师都有很长的专业经验,从18年到36年的实践。 几乎所有的教师都有学位。
在接受调查的128名学生中,超过一半是女性(50.8%),其他63名是男性(49.2%)。 年龄从9到11岁,有103个9岁的学生(80.5%),24个10岁(18.8%),只有一个学生是11岁。 平均年龄为9.2岁,标准差为0.423。
2.2.调查问卷
为了实现进行这项研究所需的数据,并考虑到所述问题,我们选择了问卷以获得一组客观和可比较的数据(Ghiglione&Matalon,2005)。
准备了两份问卷,一份针对教师,另一份针对学生。 对于其建设,一个依赖于以前确定的目标,起草了一些项目,寻求使用适合参与者的语言记录。
教师问卷分为两部分:第一个目的是收集用于社会人口学特征的数据,第二部分旨在获得关于作业者对作业的看法的数据。 开始时,教师会询问他们是否分配作业。 如果没有,教师的参与在这里结束。
给学生的问卷也分为两部分:前者涉及社会人口学特征,后者打算知道学生对家庭作业的看法。 第二部分包含十三个查询,其中两个查询需要一个开放的答案。 在最后一期,学生被邀请站立,无论他们是否会或不会做家庭作业,如果有机会决定。
进行了问卷调查的预测试,涉及6名教师和11名四年级学生,他们不是最终研究的一部分。 分析表明,问卷调查方便地使用可访问的语言。
2.3.程序
为了实施研究和数据收集,有必要请求向教育总局(DGE)监测问卷,并获得不同实体(Nelas市政府学校小组和父母/监护人的主任)的授权。
最初,调查表被发送给DGE,以便获得批准,并在Nelas和Canas de Senhorim学校团体中授权给四年级的教师和学生。 上述实体作出简要答复,并决定“在学校环境中进行调查的请求被授权一次,经过分析,调查表明符合要求”。
在我们收到DGE的授权后,通过信函要求允许学校分组的指导。 经董事授权后,他们自己将信息发送给参与研究的所有员工。
后来,寻得了授权父母/监护人的请求,以便学生可以回答问卷。在与董事会面后,安排了几天,这样更方便上学,以免打断课程。我们进了学校,在那里我们教会了各种阶层的教师和学生;据解释,调查表仅用于学术目的,不会对学生和教师的评估产生任何影响。在解释了研究的目的之后,我们给予教师针对父母/监护人的授权。
然后分发问卷。有些学校立即回答问卷,而在其他学校,教师要求我们离开问卷,并在另一天回来。在一次发出问卷的学校,我们有机会与学生联系,回答小小的疑问。
2.4.数据的处理和分析
数据收集之后是系统化,分析和解释。使用SPSS软件(版本21)对定量数据进行统计分析。插入数据库后,计算几个描述性统计(绝对和相对频率,平均值和标准偏差等),描述和总结获得的所有信息。
人们还依靠推理统计来比较比例(二项式检验)和验证假设。对于后者,我们使用卡方以验证分类变量之间的统计学显着差异的存在(Maroco,2007)。在有2times;2应急表的情况下,考虑Yates连续性校正,以改进分析(Pestana&Gageiro,2000)。
定性数据是内容分析的对象,以便提取获得的信息的含义。根据Bardin(2004年,第37页),内容分析包括“一套通信分析技术,以便通过描述消息内容的系统性程序和目标,获得指标(定量或不定量),使得能够推断关于这些消息的生产/接收条件(推断变量)的知识”。
3.讨论结果
教师数据
通过描述性数据分析,我们可以说,所有接受调查的教师都要求学生做家庭作业,在大多数情况下,家庭作业是非常重要的(85.7%)。没有一个教师说,家庭作业对于培养学生方面的学习并不重要或没有重要性。因此,我们可以说,教师认为通过作业,学生更容易学习。这证实了库珀的观点(2001),根据他的家庭作业对保留和理解主题有即时的影响,并提高学生的学习技能。
答复者教师在大多数情况下,每天分配作业任务,只有一个表示他每周只做两次作业。教师几乎每天都做家庭作业的事实表明,家庭作业是一种常见的做法。
大多数教师经常要求所有学生完成相同的任务。如上所述,当任务不同时,这是因为教师发现一些学生有学习困难(61.5%
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Homework in primary education from the perspective ofteachersandpupils
Marina Costaa, Ana Paula Cardosoa,*, Carla Lacerdaa, Ana Lopesa, CelesteGomesb
Abstract
This study aims to understand the perceptions of teachers and students of the 4th year of schooling regarding homework and its relationship with the act of studying. A comparative research of a descriptive-correlational nature was undertaken, comprising two questionnaires one to the teachers and another to their pupils. The study covered a sample of fourteen primary teachers from all Nelas municipality state schools (central region of Portugal), and 128 pupils, aged from 9 to 11 years and of both sexes, in identical percentage. Data obtained show that all teachers ask their students to do homework, especially in the areas of Portuguese and Mathematics and consider it essential for learning. The students generally like to do their homework and consider it important. For the most part, if they could decide, students would do homework because it helps them to consolidate the content taught. Knowing the teachers and students perceptions about the homework is fundamental to developing teaching strategies that contribute to the academic success of all student.
Keywords: Homework; primary education; pupils; teachers
1. Introduction
In the 1st Cycle of Basic Education [years 1-4 of schooling] homework is a regular procedure and takes up a significant part of the day-to-day life of children. Homework is defined as 'tasks assigned to students by school teachers which are meant to be carried out during non-school hours' and therefore without the direct guidance of theteacher, while the tasks are underway (Cooper, 1989a, p. 7). In other words, homework is a set of activities that are to be fulfilled by children after classes, which may take on various forms, such as copies, compositions, numerical operations, worksheets, etc.
Homework is generally seen as a means of consolidating what the students learnt in school, and allows extending the time for learning beyond the hours of formal schooling (Perrenoud, 1995). It is considered an instrument that reinforces learning and helps promote proper study methods and autonomous work capacities (Cooper, 2001; Cooper, Robinson amp; Patall, 2006; Corno amp; Xu, 2004; Epstein, 2001; Epstein amp; Van Voorhis, 2001; Marques, 2001).
However, when homework is excessive and repetitive, it is considered by pupils as a routine that can cause lack of interest and emotional fatigue and does not help children to value the school or create a positive feeling towards the act of learning. To be effective, homework must have meaning and sense to the pupil, be relevant, stimulating and accessible, so that children will be motivated to carry it out and able to complete the tasks successfully (Arauacute;jo, 2009; Marujo, Neto amp; Perloiro, 2002; Meirieu, 1998; Silva, 2004).
Parental involvement is fundamental to encourage children with homework (Villas-Boas, 2000a, 2000b) and contribute to give meaning to school learning, for example, bringing an exercise or a rule that has been learned in school to bear on this or that situation that one has lived (Meirieu, 1998). All parents, regardless of their educational level, can be encouraged to help their children, namely with regard to school expectations, activities of exploration of the environment and in work habits that in turn, positively affect school performance, as refers Bloom (1982). Parents should give their children the support they need, not forgetting that it is the students who have to do homework assignments and parents simply guide and support them in their difficulties (Marques, 2001).
However, the environments in which many children perform homework are often poorly structured which means that many of these students perform the assignments alone, without guidance and appropriate support, and are therefore easily distracted. The absence of active parental involvement or low investment and the lack of support and adequate monitoring in the fulfillment of homework lead to the loss of opportunity to use this educational action as a moment of modeling and learning (Rosaacute;rio et al., 2005).
Generally considered an academic success factor, it should be noted that, especially for elementary children, homework can contribute to perpetuate inequalities in education, because the “more disadvantaged children get less help from their parents with their homework and so it can amplify existing inequalities through complementarities with home inputs '(Roslash;nning, 2011, p. 55).
Taking into account the different perspectives on homework, it is essential to compare teachers and pupils perspectives in order to understand its relevance in the teaching-learning process. Thus arises the problem of this research: 'How is homework perceived by 4th year teachers and pupils in the municipality of Nelas (Portugal), and if they could decide, would the pupils do their homework?'
In this context, we intend to analyse the importance attached by teachers to homework, to check how often homework is assigned and if the tasks set are the same for the whole class, to identify the most common types of homework, to ascertain how regularly homework is verified as well as how it is corrected and also to know the opinion of teachers about homework and its usefulness. At the same time, we also seek to analyse the feelings of students in relation to homework, once it is essential to realize whether it is done with pleasure or not, to identify the types of homework assignments that pupils would rather do and why. We also intend to know the opinion of the respondent pupils on whether they find it easier to learn from homework, to know the context in which such tasks are carried out (place, time spent, who helps and time left for other activities), and ascertain whether, if they could decide, would or wo
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