汽车贷款中的风险分析及防范
Yaron J.World Bank Observer,1994
摘要:在汽车消费贷款快速增长的同时,商业银行发放汽车消费贷款的风险也在不断增大。形成“车贷”风险的原因及表现形式主要有:银行没有建立统一征信体系而产生外部环境风险、银行内部的业务环节出现的违规操作风险以及担保人不履行担保责任产生的赔偿风险等等。为了加强“车贷”风险的防范,应从引入竞争机制、构建统一征信体系、转变贷款模式、建立“汽车贷款保证金”制度、实行“客户经理承诺”制度等多个方面入手,强化防范措施使银行在面对复杂的汽车贷款中具有较强的抗风险能力,以拉动国内汽车工业的迅猛发展。
关键词:消费信贷;汽车贷款;风险管理
随着人民生活水平的不断提高,由“吃、穿、住”投资消费意识,拓展到“行”的消费层面构成未来发展趋势。“以车代步,方便生活”变成人们生活中十分现实的问题“。花明天的钱,买今天的车”的消费观念,在社会大众中已经产生深刻的影响。购买私家车已经成为很平常的事情。而银行提供的汽车贷款也日益发展起来。
一、汽车信贷业务的发展现状
1999年3月,中国人民银行批准所有中资商业银行都可以开办消费信贷业务,汽车消费贷款进入了群起纷争的阶段。汽车消费贷款到目前为止只经历了不到五年的时间,尚处于起步阶段,在各个方面还不够成熟。由于汽车消费贷款是一个“新生事物”,各方面对它的认识和了解都不够,加上相应的法规制度不健全,需要“摸着石头过河”,所以最初一年的发展是比较缓慢的。但从2000年以来,汽车消费贷款呈逐月上升趋势,而且增幅巨大,特别是在2002年,全国汽车消费贷款的年增长额比前年2001年的年增长额翻了三倍。
从时间上看,1998~2003年,汽车消费贷款业务迅速发展。汽车消费贷款余额2001年末为436亿元,2002年末为1150亿元,2003年末为1839亿元,近三年间年均增长148%,占全部消费贷款余额的比例依次为6.2%、10.8%和11.7%;从地区分布看,汽车消费贷款主要集中在经济发达地区。
二、汽车信贷主要风险的表现形式
在汽车消费贷款快速增长的同时,汽车消费贷款的风险也不断暴露“,假车贷”“、一车多贷”的情况时有发生,很大程度上影响了商业银行发放贷款的积极性。特别是2004年以来,金融机构汽车消费贷款总体增速放缓,到当年的10月末,汽车消费贷款余额为1683亿元,比年初下降163亿元。汽车信贷风险的表现形式如下:
(一)缺乏征信体系而产生的外部环境风险
国家尚未建立健全个人信用评价系统和个人收入、财产申报制度,银行难以真正判断和掌握借款人个人信誉状况以及还款能力,在借款人不履行还款责任时,单一依靠担保措施,无法对借款人个人信用及财产形成有效的制约,因此在汽车消费信贷中会引发信用风险。具体的信用风险包括:借款人的信用风险。因失业、工作变动或出现其他经济等原因造成借款人还贷能力下降,甚至丧失还贷收入来源,使贷款形成风险;汽车经销商的信用风险,存在汽车经销商改变贷款用途或恶意诈骗的行为、多头信贷。由于银行之间缺乏信息共享,借款人分别在不同的银行贷款,信用较差的借款人无力还款后,形成赖账或逃之夭夭,使银行遭受巨额损失。
(二)银行业务环节出现的违规操作风险
一方面,与经销商盲目合作。在汽车金融信贷业务推出的初期,合作伙伴以生产厂家及其特约经销商为主;其后与生产厂家没有隶属关系的大量的民营经销商纷纷出现。多数将车辆挂靠在经销商的借款人认为他们是租赁经销商的汽车,虽然到银行办理了有关手续,但观念上只认为同与经销商是租赁关系,而没有形成同银行的债权债务关系的意识。还有,贷前调查不细致,不能获得客户准确的信息资料。仅仅关注借款人和担保人的职业和工薪收入证明情况,放松了对借款人的其他方面的调查。有的银行信贷经办人员对借款申请书内容的真实性都未进行核实,致使借款人轻松地获得大大超过其还款能力的借款。另一方面,贷中审查偏松,有的流于形式。对借款主体还款能力的审查把关不严,对各种还款能力的证明缺乏有效识别,提供的个人收入证明与个人税单显示的收入不相匹配;有的借款人月收入数不足以偿还月还款额;还有的汽车贷款控制违反规定,首付款比例过低,造成变相零首付的事实。此外,贷后跟踪检查不落实。缺乏有效贷后监控机制,对所贷款项是否真正用于购车、购车后是否及时办理抵押物的抵押登记手续、贷款满一年后车辆是否及时续保等问题落实不到位;计算机技术手段跟不上业务快速发展的步法,信贷管理系统综合功能不全,错过贷款催收的有利时机。
(三)担保人不履行担保责任产生赔偿风险。在汽车消费信贷中由于借款担保措施不到位、担保人不能履行担保义务、担保物贬值、损毁等也会造成风险即担保风险。一是合作汽车经销商风险。在经销商提供担保与所购车辆作为抵押的个人汽车贷款操作模式下,绝大部分个人汽车消费贷款客户均由汽车经销商或运输公司向经办行推荐,银行处处受制于汽车经销商或运输公司,不利于从源头上防范风险。二是保险风险。借款人的汽车是作为反担保抵押给保险人的,一旦借款人产生信用危机,拒绝偿还银行贷款,那么保险公司的履约保险将是银行避免损失的惟一保障,而保险公司则在处理抵押物后才会履行保险义务,所以既无法保证索赔的速度,赔偿金额也难以及时落实到位,保险公司赔付率很低,形成贷款风险。三是抵押物风险。汽车贷款以车作为抵押物,随着车价贬值严重和车辆的流动性,一旦客户无力还贷、故意以汽车抵贷款或恶意逃债,银行追索将十分困难。汽车贷款还存在抵押权与法定优先权相冲突的风险。
三、汽车信贷的风险防范对策
(一)引入竞争机制,积极与多家保险公司和经销商合作。银行在汽车贷款业务开展初期,贷款客户绝大部分来自于保险公司和汽车经销商的联合推介,出于对保险公司和经销商的信任,有的银行一度忽视了对贷款客户的直接调查。又由于汽车经销商资信状况参差不齐,在汽车贷款业务合作各环节中,无任何连带责任,因此给经销商无原则向农行推介客户造成了可乘之机,把一些不具备经济实力的客户推介到了银行,给银行汽车贷款的按期收回埋下了隐患。银行在与保险公司的合作中,“银保合作”对象单一,所做的汽车贷款业务绝大部分是与当地“人保”合作,这种业务合作的几乎“唯一”性,导致了银行在开展业务过程中及贷款收回上对保险公司产生了过分的依赖,若保险公司理赔不及时,就会直接造成银行不良贷款的增加,这也是银行不良贷款形成的基本原因之一。因此,只有通过引入竞争机制,坚持与多家保险公司合作,并根据资信状况,对合作汽车经销商进行精心选择和清理,才能为汽车贷款业务的健康发展创造良好的业务合作环境,彻底改变银行在业务合作中的被动局面,掌握工作的主动权。
(二)建立“汽车贷款保证金”制度。银行在与保险公司和经销商签订“三方”合作协议时,必须明确各自的责任和义务,通过实行“汽车贷款保证金”制度,来维护银行的利益。作为贷款银行,必须认真做好对客户的贷前调查工作,为信贷资金的安全奠定基础。对于出现的不良贷款,要积极进行催收,这既是进行保险索赔的需要,也是银行自身的责任。保险公司除参与对借款人的资信调查,还必须承诺对借款人超过三期以上的未偿还贷款承担违约赔偿责任。为保证不良贷款的及时赔付,各行必须要求保险公司在银行开立“汽车贷款违约赔偿保证金”专户,保持一定额度的保证金,对于超过三期的未偿还贷款,及时从账户中扣收。若保险公司未及时全额补齐专户余额,则待其补齐后,再继续进行业务合作。汽车经销商作为车辆的供应者,必须对客户信用承担一定责任,对车辆质量负完全责任。为保证业务的顺利开展,必须要求经销商在银行开立“汽车贷款车辆质量保证金”专户,根据经销车辆数量按一定比例交存保证金,用于问题车辆回购和因汽车质量问题造成的不良贷款的扣收。
(三)实行“客户经理承诺”制度。正确选择汽车贷款对象,从源头上严把客户准入关,这是防范风险、确保贷款安全的前提和基础。为加强贷前调查力度,确保客户质量,银行可建立健全“责任人承诺”制度,要求客户经理按客户的收入水平、经营状况、行业风险尤其是信用程度对客户进行分类,以此作为确定是否发放贷款、是否需要办理履约保证保险和采取何种担保方式的主要依据,并由客户经理在贷款发放时签订“贷款责任承诺书”,把每一笔贷款的相关责任都落实到人,与工资挂钩考核,负责贷款的调查,并承担收回责任,确保贷款安全。
(四)明确保险条款,完善贷款手续汽车贷款履约保证保险作为保险公司的一个保险业务品种“,免责条款”是其重要组成部分,保险条款对于投保人(借款人)、被保险人(贷款银行)及车辆质量(经销商提供)的责任要求是非常严格的,贷款操作稍有不慎会造成保险的失效,即“保险责任免除”。汽车贷款履约保证保险并非真正意义上的“完全保险”。因此,银行要在正确理解保险条款的基础上,完善贷款操作手续。一是要按照保险条款的要求认真进善贷款的调查、审查和审批手续;二是要对汽车经销商提供的车辆进行审核,严把质量关;三是保证机动车辆保险在贷款期限内的连续性,要求借款人必须按照贷款期限一次性全额投保,不得缩短投保期限;四是在进行借款合同、保险单的修订、变更时必须征得保险公司的书面同意,出具“保险业务更改批单”。
(五)转变贷款模式,积极开办“直客式”贷款业务。“直客式”汽车贷款业务,具有购车方式灵活,担保方式多样的显著特点,各行要逐步由汽车经销商介绍客户到银行办理贷款的“间客式”被动操作方式,转向“客户购车先找银行”的“直客式”主动操作方式。通过“直客式”营销方式,进一步扩大贷款对象的范围,降低客户购车成本,提高办贷效率,提升银行汽车贷款品牌的知名度,增强同业竞争力。通过采取住房抵押、新车抵押、第三方保证等多种担保方式,逐步改变单纯依靠保险公司履约保证保险办理业务的状况,分散汽车贷款风险,并有侧重点的将贷款车型逐步由大型货车向出租车、客运车和家用轿车转变,不断降低汽车贷款风险。综上所述,汽车消费贷款把我国的汽车工业和我国巨大的消费市场紧紧地联系在了一起,为两者的高速发展提供了强大的动力,它的出现对于刺激消费,扩大内需,推动国民经济增长的作用是不言而喻的。因此,研究我国商业银行开展汽车消费贷款的现状,分析制约因素,预测未来的发展前景,寻找推动汽车消费贷款业务发展的有效措施,是十分必要的。
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What Makes Car Financial Markets Successful?
Yaron J.World Bank Observer,1994
Abstract:In the rapid growth of automobile consumption loans at the same time, the risk of commercial bank loans and car consumption loans also increased. The main causes and forms of the formation of 'auto loan' risk: banks do not establish a unified credit system and illegal operation risk and guarantee business links external environment risk, the banks internal do not perform the guarantee liability of compensation risk etc.. In order to prevent the strengthening of 'car loan risks, we should introduce competition mechanism, to build a unified credit system, change the loan mode, establish a car loan guarantee system, a number of aspects of the implementation of the customer manager system of commitment', to strengthen preventive measures so that the bank has a strong ability to resist risks in the face of complex car loans. With the rapid development of domestic auto industry.
Keywords: Consumer credit; Auto loans; Risk management
With the continuous improvement of peoples living standard, the 'eat, wear, live' investment and consumption consciousness, extended to the 'line' of the future development trend of the consumption level. With the 'car, convenient life to people living in a very realistic problem'. Spend tomorrows money today, buy the car consumption concept has profound influence on the social public. Car purchase has become a very common thing. While banks provide auto loans is also growing up.
1.The current situation of the development of an automobile credit business
In 1999 March, the peoples Bank of Country approved by all commercial banks can offer consumer credit business, auto loan entered the stage to the dispute. Automobile consumption loans so far experienced only less than five years, is still in the initial stage, in all aspects are not mature enough. Because the automobile consumption loan is a 'new thing', the understanding and the understanding of it is not enough, and the corresponding laws and regulations system is not perfect, need to 'cross the river by feeling the stones', so the development of the first year is relatively slow. But since 2000, the automobile consumption loans monthly rise, but growth is huge, especially in 2002, the amount of the annual growth of automobile consumption loans more than doubled to three times the amount of the previous year growth in 2001 .
From the time point of view, from 1998 to 2003, the rapid development of automobile consumption loans. Automobile consumption loan balance at the end of 2001 to 43600000000 yuan, 115000000000 yuan by the end of 2002, by the end of 2003 to 183900000000 yuan, nearly three years the average annual growth rate of 148%, the total balance of consumer loans accounted for 6.2%, 10.8% and 11.7%; from the perspective of regional distribution, the automobile consumption loans are mainly concentrated in the economically developed areas.
- The main form of automobile credit risk
In the rapid growth of automobile consumption loans at the same time, the risk of car consumption loans are constantly exposed to 'false', car loan ', a car loan' to occur, largely affected the enthusiasm of commercial bank loans. Especially since 2004, financial institutions, automobile consumption loans overall slowdown, that at the end of 10, car consumption loans amounted to 168300000000 yuan, down 16300000000 yuan over the beginning. The following forms of auto credit risk:
2.1The lack of credit system and the external environment risk.Country has yet to establish a sound personal credit evaluation system and personal income, property declaration system, the bank is difficult to judge and master the borrower of personal credit and repayment ability of the borrower, in does not fulfill the repayment obligations, relying on a single security measures, can not form an effective constraint on the borrower of personal credit and property, thus causing credit risk will be in the car consumer credit. Specific include: the credit risk of the borrowers credit risk. The reasons for unemployment, job change or other economic decline in the borrower repayment ability, and even the loss of source of income to make loans owing on the loan, the formation of risk; the dealers credit risk, there are car dealers to change the use of the loans or malicious fraud, long credit. Due to the lack of information sharing between banks, borrowers in different bank loans, poor credit borrowers unable to repay, the formation of default or decamp, the bank suffered huge losses.
2.2Illegal operation risk of banking business links.On the one hand, blind cooperation with distributors. In the early days of the automobile financial credit business launch, partner with manufacturers and dealers; there is no affiliation with the manufacturers, a large number of private dealers. Most of the vehicles affiliated dealers in the borrowers who think they are leasing dealers, although the bank to handle the relevant formalities, but the idea that only with the dealer is a leasing relationship, but has not formed the debt with the bank relationship consciousness. Also, the loan before the survey is not careful, can not get accurate customer information. Only pay attention to the borrower and the guarantor of the occupation and the wage income proof, to relax the investigation on other aspects of the borrower. The authenticity of some bank credit managers of the contents of the application for the loan does not verify that the borrower, easy access to much more than the repayment ability of the borrower. On the other hand, the loan review partial loose, some a mere formality. On the loan principal repayment ability of the review is not strict, proof of repayment ability of the lack of effective identi
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